Effects of Dihydroberberine (DHB) on GLP-1, Glycemic Control, Appetite, and Mood in Adults With Pre-Diabetes

Inclusion Criteria:

1.35 - 65 years of age (inclusive). 2.BMI 25.0 - 35.0 kg/m2 (inclusive). 3.HbA1c 5.7% - 6.4% (39 - 47 mmol/mol, inclusive) measured at visit 1. 4.Participant has a score of 7 - 10 on the Vein Access Scale Assessment at visit 1.

5.Non-user or former user (daily use; cessation ≥12 months) of tobacco or nicotine products (e.g., cigarette smoking, vaping, chewing tobacco) within 12 months of visit 1, and has no plans to begin use during the study period.

6.Non-habitual users (i.e., daily or almost daily) of marijuana or hemp products, including CBD/THC products, and willing to abstain from use throughout the study period (topical creams/lotions are allowed).

7.Willing to wear a CGM sensor throughout study period and willing to adhere to instructions/ restrictions associated with the proper use and care of the CGM.

8.Willing to use personal smart phone with operating system capable of downloading and operating the Cronometer and Dexcom CGM apps for diet records and blood glucose, respectively.

9.Willing to adhere to all study procedures, including lifestyle considerations, and sign forms providing informed consent to participate in the study and authorization to release relevant protected health information to the Clinical Investigator.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Extreme Diets: Extreme dietary habits (e.g., ketogenic, vegan/vegetarian) atinvestigator's discretion.

2. Intense Exercise: Moderate-to-intense physical training (≥5 hours/week).

3. Weight Instability/Program: Recent weight changes (>4.5 kg≤90 d) or current/plannedweight change program.

4. Abnormal Labs: Abnormal lab test results of clinical significance at Visit 1 (onere-test allowed).

5. Uncontrolled Chronic Illness: Uncontrolled or clinically important pulmonary,cardiac, hepatic, renal, endocrine (T1D/T2D excluded), hematologic, immunologic,neurologic, psychiatric, or biliary disorders.

6. Clinically Important GI: Clinically important GI condition interfering with studyproduct (e.g., IBD, celiac, weight loss surgery history).

7. Uncontrolled HTN: Uncontrolled hypertension (SBP≥160 mmHg and/or DBP≥100 mmHg).

8. Cancer History: History or presence of cancer in the prior 2 years (exceptnon-melanoma skin cancer).

9. Active Infection: Signs/symptoms of active infection ≤5 d of Visit 1.

10. Anti-Hyperglycemics: Recent use (≤6 mo) of any prescription anti-hyperglycemicmedication.

11. Other Supplements: Use of dietary supplements (other than approved multivitamin) ≤14d of Visit 1.

12. Alcohol/Substance Abuse: History (≤12 months) of alcohol (>14 drinks/week) orsubstance abuse.

13. Antibiotics: Antibiotic use ≤90 d of Visit 1.

14. Regular NSAIDs: Regular use (≥3 days/week≤30 d) of anti-inflammatory medications.

15. Steroid Use: Recent use (≤30 d) of oral/injectable steroids, or high-dosetopical/inhaled steroids.

16. Unregistered Drug: Exposure to any non-registered drug product ≤30 d prior to Visit 1

17. Medication Instability: Unstable dose (≤90 d) of any other prescription medications (PRN excluded).

18. Psychiatric Hospitalization: Major affective/psychiatric disorder requiringhospitalization ≤12 months prior to Visit 1.

19. Recent Trauma/Surgery: Major trauma or any surgical event ≤30 d of Visit 1.

20. Recent GI Prep: Endoscopy or colonoscopy preparation ≤90 d prior to Visit 1.

21. Planned Surgery: Scheduled or planning elective surgical procedures during thestudy.

22. Female Status: Pregnancy, lactation, planning pregnancy, or unwillingness to useapproved contraception.

23. Allergies: Known sensitivity or allergy to any study products or foods.

24. Investigator Discretion: Any condition that interferes with compliance, confoundsresults, or presents undue risk.