R61/33 - VR Study Phase 4

This study involves a parallel randomized control trial (RCT) to assess the feasibility/usability and preliminary effects of a virtual reality (VR) environment alone compared to VR environment + feedback about focus and to a VR passthrough control. Phase 4 will follow the same procedures as Phase 3 except instead of n=45, we will randomize n=252 (note, number who consent is higher, to account for those found not eligible after consenting). Proposed mechanisms of action will be measured every session, including data on keyboard and mouse clicks plus self-ratings of concentration, homework effort, and homework motivation. After completing the initial diagnostic evaluation and confirming eligibility, emerging adults with ADHD (ages 18-25) will be randomized to 1 of 3 groups and then provided with a VR headset and computer to use in their dorm/home. Randomization will be performed (1:1:1) to the three conditions. Randomization will be blocked on ADHD medication status to ensure an equal number of participants taking and not taking ADHD medication in each group. Phase 4 includes a 2-session baseline where all participants complete homework and study without using the VR headset.

Group 1, VR passthrough: After completing the two session baseline, participants will use the VR headset in their room/home or the library 10 times over two weeks (max twice a day with a minimum 2-hour break) for 1-hour sessions each time. The participant will wear the headset, but it will not be used as usual. The headset will be in "VR passthrough" mode, meaning the participant will see through to the normal environment and laptop (i.e., they can see the real world around them, just wearing a headset).

Group 2, VR environment only: After completing the two session baseline, participants will use the VR headset in their room/home or the library 10 times over two weeks (max twice a day with a minimum 2-hour break) for 1-hour sessions each time. For the following sessions, the participant will wear the VR headset and engage in homework in the VR environment.

Group 2, VR environment + feedback: After completing the two session baseline, participants will use the VR headset in their room/home or the 10 times over two weeks (max twice a day with a minimum 2-hour break) for 1-hour sessions each time. For the following sessions, the participant will wear the VR headset and engage in homework in the VR environment while receiving real time visual feedback on performance and focus.

Participants concentration, effort/efficiency, and motivation is assessed each baseline and VR session, and participants answer questions about VR feasibility, useability, and acceptability.