A Real-World Study About Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease in China（DASHENG）

Inclusion Criteria: CKD patients will be defined as those meeting any of the following criteria during the observation period:

1. diagnosis of CKD (e.g., "%chronic kidney disease%", "%chronic nephropathy%", "%renalfailure%", "%nephritis%" for complete ICD-9/10 code mapping*)

2. record of hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) (refer to Attachment 2 fordialysis identification algorithms)

3. ≥2 eGFR measurements <60 mL/min/1.73m² (calculated using CKD-EPI equation) with ≥3-month interval (excluding acute kidney injury)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Non-renal anemia due to trauma, traffic accidents, major hemorrhage, or otherconfirmed etiologies (e.g., acute hemorrhagic anemia, nutritional deficiency anemia,hemolytic anemia);

2. Diagnosis of acute kidney disease (AKD) without chronic kidney disease (CKD)comorbidity;

3. Incomplete critical data elements (including age, sex, or visit dates).