Pilot Study of Personalized Aperiodic Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Antenatal Depression (PandA-tACS)

Inclusion Criteria:

In order to be eligible to participate in this study, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:

• Female aged 18 - 45

• Capacity to understand all relevant risks and potential benefits of the study asdetermined by study staff (provision of informed consent)

• Stated willingness to comply with all study procedures and availability for theduration of the study

• Low suicide risk (defined for this study as no active suicidal ideation in the pastmonth and no suicide attempts, preparatory actions, or significant non-suicidalself-harm in the previous 2 years). Risk will be assessed utilizing the C-SSRSscreen and triage version with further exploration of positive responses.

For healthy control population:

• Use of highly effective contraception for at least 1 month prior to screening andagreement to use such a method during study participation, according to NIHTherapeutics Research Program Guidelines.

Additional for antenatal depression population:

• Between weeks 14-32 of viable singleton pregnancy

• Established obstetric care through UNC

• Pre-identified DSM-5 diagnosis of unipolar, non-psychotic MDD which is confirmed bythe DIAMOND

• HDRS-17 score ≥14

Exclusion Criteria:

An individual who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation in this study:

• DSM-5 diagnosis of severe alcohol use disorder (AUD) within the last 12 months, asevidenced by the DIAMOND

• DSM-5 diagnosis of moderate to severe substance use disorder (excluding tobacco)within the last 12 months, as evidenced by the DIAMOND

• Lifetime history of bipolar disorder, as evidenced by DIAMOND

• Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, as evidenced by DIAMOND

• History of autism spectrum disorder

• Initiated any new psychotropic medication in the 6 weeks prior to screening or had adose change in the preceding 6 weeks

• Initiated a new course of psychotherapy in the 6 weeks preceding screening

• Received any neurostimulation treatment in the 6 weeks preceding screening

• History of seizures (excluding febrile seizures in childhood or ElectroconvulsiveTherapy (ECT) induced seizures)

• Neurological disorders that would increase risk of participation or present asignificant confounder in the opinion of the investigator (for example, dementia,history of stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, history of traumaticbrain injury with prolonged loss of consciousness, ruptured cerebral aneurysm,previous CNS radiation)

• Previously failed to respond to ECT or transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

• Prior brain surgery and/or brain implants

• Implanted medical device that uses electricity

• Currently enrolled in another clinical trial for depression

• Unstable medical disorder or anything that would place the participant at increasedrisk or preclude the participant's full compliance with or completion of the study,in the opinion of the Investigator

Additional for the healthy control population:

• Current pregnancy or lactation (as determined by urine pregnancy test)

• History of depression, as evidenced by DIAMOND

Additional for the antenatal depression population:

• History of any of the following conditions:

• Diabetes (gestational or general history)

• Pre-term delivery (<37 weeks)

• Eclampsia

• Pre-eclampsia with severe features

• Asthma requiring daily medication

• Chronic hypertension

• Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)

• Hyperthyroidism requiring medication

• Pre-pregnancy BMI 40 or more

• In vitro fertilization (IVF)

• Mullerian anomaly of uterus

• Organ transplant

• Prior history of deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE) or plan foranticoagulation during pregnancy

• Fetus with autoimmune hydrops

• Abnormal placenta

• Current pregnancy:

• HIV/Hep B/Hep C with detectable viral loads

• Anemia [Hemoglobin under 11.0] upon entry to prenatal care

• No scheduled prenatal visits by 15 weeks

• Placenta previa

• Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS)

• Pre-eclampsia

• Gestational diabetes

• Gestational hypertension

• Fetus with abnormal chromosomes

• Cervical length < 2.5 cm

• Presence of cerclage or vaginal progesterone to decrease chance of pre-termlabor

• Fetal growth restriction

• Macrosomia

• Polyhydramnios

• Oligohydramnios

• Rupture of membranes

• Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HEG)

• Confirmation testing for Tri 13/18/21

• Congenital anomalies on anatomy ultrasound that do not resolve with follow-upultrasound

• Other cause of markedly high-risk pregnancy as determined by the Investigator