Investigators will conduct a randomized controlled trial to examine whether
moderate-intensity combined aerobic and resistance exercise can improve semen quality. A
total of 60 participants will be recruited from one university. Inclusion criteria were
college students aged 18 to 24 who signed informed consent form, good health with no
eating disorders, mental health disorders, chronic diseases, serious systemic illnesses,
genitourinary diseases or infections, and were assessed as having "low" physical activity
on the self-reported International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) over the past
year, with sperm progressive motility of less than 32%, at least two evaluations at
three-month intervals. Exclusion criteria include smoking, alcohol dependence, and use of
drugs that affect sperm production function such as hormones and antibiotics within the
past 3 months, and history of reproductive system surgery (e.g., cryptorchidism,
postoperative varicocele). After stratification by BMI, participants were assigned 1:1 to
the intervention and control groups.
The intervention group will receive 12 weeks of moderate-intensity combined aerobic and
resistance exercise training for 60 minutes three times per week on non-consecutive days
(The time range is from March 17, 2025 to June 8, 2025. Excluding weekends, Labor Day,
and the traditional Chinese Qingming Festival and the Dragon Boat Festival during that
period, a total of 32 training sessions are planned). Aerobic exercise is carried out in
the form of running and skipping rope, and resistance exercise involves different muscle
groups in the upper and lower limbs of the body. All training sessions will be conducted
daily at the same time (17:00-18:00) under the guidance of a professional physical
education teacher and two trained postgraduate medical students. Before the official
start of the exercise intervention, participants in the intervention group will undergo a
pre-intervention adaptive test to determine the maximum heart rate, and the repetitions
maximum (RM) for resistance training.
Training sessions begin with a 10-minute warm-up period that includes jogging and dynamic
muscle stretching. This is followed by 20 minutes of running/jumping rope on the
playground. Each intervention participant will wear a heart rate armband (Polar OH1,
Finland) for real-time heart rate detection to maintain achievement of a predetermined
target heart rate and training intensity. Target heart rate of moderate-intensity =
maximum heart rate x 64%~76%. Then, after 10 minutes of rest adjustment and preparation,
a 20-minute resistance training session will be performed, including all major muscle
groups. Exercises for upper body muscles such as push-ups, pull-ups, and band curl; Lower
body exercises included squats, tuck jump, and burpee; and exercises for core muscle
groups such as plank hold, sit-ups, and hip bridge. Resistance training will start at 50%
of 1RM and increases intensity by 10% after every three sessions, with two sets of
repetitions and 60-90 seconds of rest between sets. By the third week, it will reach 70%
of 1RM, and repeat 3 sets at 70% of 1RM starting at week 4. After the end of week 6,
re-evaluate the RM every 3 weeks and repeat 3 sets at 70% of the new 1RM (i.e., starting
from Week 7 and Week 10), maintaining a 60-90 second rest between each sets. The Borg
rating of perceived exercise (RPE) is combined with target heart rate for monitoring
exercise intensity during exercise implementation. RPE will be applied at the end of
warm-up, aerobic exercise, and resistance exercise to assess the subjective perception of
participants during exercise. RPE scores of 12-13 indicate moderate intensity. After
resistance training, investigators will perform a 10-minute relaxation session that
includes slow walking and static muscle stretching.
The control group did not receive exercise intervention and maintained their original
physical activity habits. All participants were required to maintain normal dietary
habits during the study period. The primary outcome of this study is to compare the
change of sperm progressive motility between intervention and control groups from pre- to
post-intervention at 12 weeks.
