Background Effective reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as the key driver for
climate change has to be the primary target of sustainable economics in the 21st century
. The carbon footprint is calculated by the direct and indirect attributable GHGs emitted
during a process, production cycle, or from an institution, such as a hospital.[1] The
main metric for calculating the carbon footprint is the CO2 equivalent (CO2eq). In
Switzerland, about 6-7% of all CO2 emissions come from the healthcare system. Most CO2
emissions come from hospitals, followed by medical treatments.
A large contributor to hospitals' carbon footprints are operating rooms. The high energy
demand, anesthetics, and the production of single-use devices and instruments are
significant climate-related hotspots in the operating field. However, the life cycle
assessment (LCA) varies considerably based on factors such as the type and modality of
the operation, among other variables. To date, only a few direct comparisons of the
climate impact between surgical modalities, such as open, laparoscopic, and
robot-assisted procedures, have been studied.
In this study, the investigators aim to compare the three modalities of visceral
operations and their impact on the carbon footprint. As previously mentioned, a major
component of the high GHG production in operating rooms is the high energy demand and
needed resources. The best method to calculate the climate impact is the use of LCA.
Within an LCA, climate-related hotspots can be identified for each operation analyzed,
which can provide possible ideas to reduce the carbon footprint of operating rooms and
their impact on climate change.
Methods For this comparison, the investigators will conduct an LCA for each operation
observed and compare it among the three different modalities: robotic, laparoscopic and
open colorectal procedures.
The LCA includes direct and indirect GHG emissions throughout a product's lifetime, as
well as energy consumption during the operation. This encompasses the raw materials used,
emissions during production and transportation, and the accumulated waste. A life cycle
inventory (LCI) collects LCAs for all instruments and products used during the procedure
and during preparation.
Used surgical instruments, drapes, gloves and gowns will be registered in the
prefabricated datasheet during the observed colorectal operation. Single-use equipment
recorded in the datasheet will be weighed individually before usage. During the procedure
the investigators will then identify not used and used materials and instruments. Their
packaging will be weighed after the operation to differentiate between packaging and
absolute weight of used instrument. Using the manufacturer's information about raw
material usage in each product, the investigators will calculate the CO2 footprint of the
individual instruments and materials. In the Ecoinvent database with recorded CO2
emissions per kilogram of raw material will provide the necessary information to conduct
LCAs for each product used in the operating room. This study will include sterile as well
as non-sterile equipment used during preparing and performing the procedure. For reusable
instruments, the investigators will estimate the total CO2 footprint, including the
sterilization process, using average values from previous studies. Reusable instruments
used for robotic operations is estimated to have a life span of around 10 to 15
sterilization processes. The estimated life cycle for laparoscopic reusable instruments
is set to be around 100 sterilization processes. Other reusable surgical instruments that
are commonly used are estimated to live up to 1000 sterilization cycles.
During the procedures the investigators will identify the majority of not used but
prepared instruments. Additionally to the materials and instruments the investigators
will record the used anesthetics for general anesthesia and with previous study calculate
the estimated climate impact For the secondary research question the investigators will
differentiate between used, opened and prepared equipment in the operating room during
the procedure. The research team will therefore additionally identify material and
instruments that were unpacked but not used during the procedures It is important to
state, that only used and opened instruments and materials will be included in the
calculation of the CO2 footprint.
To calculate the energy used during the operations, the kilowatt hours (kWh) needed
during the procedure itself will be extracted as average energy consumption in the
operating room where the surgery took place. The investigators will then calculate the
CO2 footprint using information about the clinic's energy mix. Additionally, the research
team will use standardized calculations for the CO2 footprint of anesthesia and hospital
stay to estimate the value for the observed operations.
The raw data will be collected in an REDCAP database and further analyzed with the
software SimaPro or OpenLCA. The investigators then estimate the related CO2 footprint
per procedure. The mean CO2 footprint will afterwards be used to compare the three
modality. For comparisons between groups, the research team will use the Mann-Whitney U
test in R and RStudio. Climate impact will be estimated using the ReCiPe method.
Target The aim of the LCA robotic operation study is to compare the carbon footprint
between robotic, laparoscopic and open colorectal procedures and to identify major
targets for the reduction of CO2 emissions.
