PerAF: AF Termination vs Prespecified Ablation

Inclusion Criteria:

1. aged between 18 and 80 years old;

2. Patients undergoing a first-time ablation procedure for PersAF, and in spontaneousAF at the beginning of the procedure;

3. Diagnosed as persistent AF according to the latest clinical guidelines，with atrialfibrillation lasting for at least one month;

4. Ineffective or intolerable to ≥1 anti-arrhythmia drug treatment;

5. Patients must be able and willing to provide written informed consent to participatein this study;

6. Patients must be willing and able to comply with all study follow- up requirements.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. .Uncontrolled congestive heart failure, EF <35%;

2. . History of severe valve disease and/or prosthetic valve replacement;

3. . Myocardial infarction or stroke within 6 months;

4. . Severe congenital heart disease;

5. . Left atrial diameter ≥60mm;

6. . Contrast agent allergy;

7. . The use of anticoagulant drugs is contraindicated;

8. . Severe lung disease;

9. . Left atrial thrombus confirmed by preoperative esophageal ultrasound;

10. .Contraindications for cardiac catheterization;

11. .Prior left atrial ablation (surgical or catheter);

12. .Have performed any cardiac surgery within 2 months;

13. .Poor general health;

14. .Life expectancy < 12 months, including factors such as physical inability totolerate ablation or unstable disease conditions.-