CT1190B in the Treatment of Patients With Moderate to Severe Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or Refractory/Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Voluntary signing of the Informed Consent Form (ICF)

2. Age range: At the time of signing the ICF, the age is between 18 and 60 years old (including 18 and 60 years old), regardless of gender.

3. No systemic active infection within 2 weeks before screening.

4. Contraceptive requirements for participants with child - bearing potential.

5. Negative pregnancy test for women with child - bearing potential. Inclusion Criteriafor SLE

6. Meet the EULAR/ACR 2019 SLE classification criteria with a disease history ≥ 6months.

7. Treatment and disease activity requirements: o Before screening, the participant must have received treatment withglucocorticoids combined with immunosuppressive agents (including cyclophosphamide,mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, methotrexate, cyclosporine, leflunomide) and/orbiological agents for ≥ 3 months, with a stable dose for ≥ 2 weeks, and the diseaseis still in an active state. Oral corticosteroid requirements at the time ofscreening: o If treated with corticosteroids alone, prednisone (or equivalent drug) ≥ 7.5mg/day. o When used in combination with immunosuppressive agents and/or biological agents,there is no minimum daily dose requirement for corticosteroids.

8. Positive antibody test at screening: Positive antinuclear antibody, and/or positiveanti-ds-DNA antibody, and/or positive anti-Smith antibody.

9. Disease activity score or organ damage: At the screening stage, the SLEDAI - 2Kscore is ≥ 7 points

10. Active organ involvement at screening: isolated skin and mucous membrane involvementis not eligible for inclusion.

11. Adequate organ function: o Renal function: Defined as a calculated creatinine clearance rate (Cockcroft -Gault) ≥ 50 mL/min without the need for hydration assistance. o Bone marrow function: Defined as absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.0×10⁹/L andhemoglobin (Hb) ≥ 60 g/L. Blood transfusion and growth factors should not be used tomeet these requirements within 7 days before the inclusion and exclusion screening. o Liver function: Defined as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartateaminotransferase (AST) ≤ 2× the upper limit of normal (ULN), and total bilirubin ≤ 2× the upper limit of normal (ULN). o Coagulation function: Defined as international normalized ratio (INR) or activatedpartial thromboplastin time (APTT) ≤ 1.5×ULN. o Lung function: Oxygen saturation (SpO₂) ≥ 92% (measured by pulse oximeter) in roomair.

• Cardiac function: Defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 40%as evaluated by echocardiogram (ECHO) within 8 weeks before screening.

Inclusion Criteria for SSc

1. Meet the 2013 EULAR/ACR classification criteria for systemic sclerosis and thediffuse - type manifestation simultaneously.

2. Combined with interstitial pneumonia caused by SSc.

3. Meet the definition of refractory or progressive disease: o Refractory disease definition: Ineffective after more than 6 months ofconventional treatment, or disease recurrence after remission. Conventionaltreatment is defined as the use of glucocorticoids (more than 1 mg/kg/d) orcyclophosphamide, and one or more of the following immunomodulatory drugs:antimalarials, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, leflunomide,tacrolimus, cyclosporine, and biological agents including Actemra, Rituxan,belimumab, tabitacicept, etc.

• Progressive disease definition (in the past 6 months):

• Skin progression: An increase in mRSS > 10%.

• Lung disease progression: A 10% decrease in FVC, or a 5% decrease in FVCaccompanied by a 15% decrease in DLCO.

4. Important organ function: o Renal function: Defined as a calculated creatinine clearance rate (Cockcroft -Gault) ≥ 50 mL/min without the need for hydration assistance. o Bone marrow function: Defined as absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.0×10⁹/L andhemoglobin (Hb) ≥ 90 g/L. Blood transfusion and growth factors should not be used tomeet these requirements within 7 days before the inclusion and exclusion screening. o Liver function: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 2× the upper limit of normal (ULN), and total bilirubin ≤ 2× the upper limitof normal (ULN). o Coagulation function: INR ≤ 1.5×ULN, prothrombin time (PT) ≤ 1.5×ULN. o Cardiac function: Good hemodynamic stability, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 40%.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Previous history of CAR-T cell or other genetically modified T-cell therapies, orprevious major organ transplantation.

2. Use of B-cell targeted drugs (such as rituximab) within 2 months before screening.

3. Allergy or intolerance to lymphodepletion drugs, tocilizumab, or life-threateningallergic reactions, hypersensitivity reactions, or intolerance to the CT1190Bpreparation or its excipients, or a history of other severe allergies such asanaphylactic shock.

4. Use of corticosteroids ≥ 10 mg/day of prednisone (or equivalent drug) within 10 daysbefore the infusion of CT1190B.

5. Use of immunosuppressive agents that affect T-cells (mycophenolate mofetil,methotrexate, cyclosporine, azathioprine, leflunomide, tacrolimus) within 10 daysbefore the infusion of CT1190B.

6. Use of JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib tablets, ruxolitinib, etc.) within 3days before the infusion of CT1190B.

7. Vaccination with live-attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, or RNA vaccineswithin 1 month before screening.

8. Diagnosis of cancer within 2 years before signing the ICF. Exceptions includenon-melanoma skin cancer treated by radical therapy, local prostate cancer,biopsy-proven cervical carcinoma in situ or squamous intraepithelial lesionsdetected by cervical smear, and completely resected breast carcinoma in situ.

9. Undergoing major surgery within 4 weeks before signing the ICF, or planning toundergo major surgery during the study, and the investigator deems it will pose anunacceptable risk to the participant.

10. Positive test for HIV, syphilis, active hepatitis B virus infection, or activehepatitis C virus infection at screening.

11. History of central nervous system diseases before screening, including but notlimited to cerebrovascular accident, encephalitis, epilepsy, convulsions/seizures,stroke, severe brain injury, dementia, Parkinson's disease, cerebellar diseases,central nervous system vasculitis, cognitive impairment, organic brain syndrome, ormental illness.

12. History of any of the following cardiovascular diseases within 1 month beforescreening: Heart failure of class III or IV as defined by the New York HeartAssociation (NYHA), myocardial infarction, unstable angina, uncontrolled orsymptomatic atrial arrhythmia, any ventricular arrhythmia, or other heart diseasesof significant clinical significance.

13. Participation in other clinical studies within 3 months before screening or stillwithin five half-lives after the last dose of the drug.

14. Current presence of any uncontrolled active infection, including but not limited toactive tuberculosis, etc.

15. History or evidence of suicidal thoughts within 6 months before signing the ICF, orany suicidal behavior within the previous 12 months, and the investigator deemsthere is a significant suicide risk.

16. Pregnant or breastfeeding women.

17. Poor compliance judged by the investigator, inability or unwillingness to complywith the requirements of the study protocol, or other reasons that make theparticipant unsuitable for this clinical study.

Exclusion Criteria for SLE

1. Severe lupus nephritis within 2 months before screening, requiring hemodialysis, orreceiving prednisone ≥ 100 mg/d or equivalent corticosteroid treatment for ≥ 14days.

2. Lupus crisis within 1 month before screening, and the investigator deems itinappropriate for the participant to participate in this study.

3. Central nervous system manifestations caused by lupus before screening, includingbut not limited to lupus headache, seizures, cognitive impairment, impairedintellectual function, visual impairment, etc.

4. History of ≥ grade 2 bleeding within 30 days before screening.

5. Plasmapheresis, plasma separation, or hemodialysis within 14 days before screening.

Exclusion Criteria for SSc

1. FVC ≤ 30% of the predicted value or DLCO (corrected for hemoglobin) ≤ 30% of the predicted value.

2. Combined with severe kidney disease or signs of renal crisis in the participant.

3. Risk of active tuberculosis at screening.