Personalized DBS Targeting for Treating Depression

Inclusion Criteria:

1. A psychiatrist-confirmed diagnosis of major depressive disorder in accordance withthe Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders.5th Ed (DSM-V);

2. A psychiatric examination by two trained psychiatrists and a diagnosis consistentwith the DSM-V;

3. A history of depression of at least 12 months duration in depressed patients (including MECT) who have failed to respond to a full dose and course of treatmentwith 2 or more antidepressants of different mechanisms;

4. A 17-item score on the HAMD scale ⩾ 20 at initial screening;

5. A score of ≤ 50 on the Gross Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale;

6. The patient himself/herself or legal guardian was able to fully understand thetherapy and agreed to enroll after signing an informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Persons with severe or unstable cardiac, hepatic, renal, endocrine, hematologic, andother medical disorders and co-morbidities with psychotic symptoms, includingpersonality disorders diagnosed by history, questioning, and clinical examination;

2. Persons with psychiatric disorders other than depression (except generalizedanxiety);

3. Persons with a history of substance abuse within 12 months; persons with a previoushistory of epilepsy, and persons with febrile convulsions in childhood;

4. Patients with a history of suicide attempts within the past 6 months or more than 2suicide attempts within the past 2 years;

5. Women who are breastfeeding, pregnant, and patients who are pregnant or intend tobecome pregnant during the clinical study;

6. Contraindications to DBS surgery and MRI;

7. Years of education less than or equal to 9 years;

8. Patients who are involuntarily hospitalized.