Effectiveness of Stability Ball Training, Dead Bug Exercises, and Their Combination on Reducing Specific Low Back Pain

Inclusion Criteria:

• participants aged 30 to 50 years with a specific diagnosis of acute lumbarradiculopathy lasting less than three months but severe enough to impair dailyactivities were included in the study.

• They were required to provide informed consent and agree to adhere to the studyprocedures,

• including attending sessions and completing evaluations. Eligibility was limited tothose without other physical conditions, such as joint replacements or fractures,

• that could interfere with the ability to perform stability ball or dead bugexercises. Individuals who had participated in similar therapeutic exercises, suchas stability ball training or core strengthening, within the last six months wereexcluded to ensure the results reflected the intervention's impact rather than priortraining effects.

Exclusion criteria:

• included participants with severe musculoskeletal or cardiovascular disorders, suchas spinal surgery, herniated discs, scoliosis, fractures, or osteoarthritis, due tothe potential risks associated with exercise.

• Pregnant women were excluded as balance-related activities, like stability ballexercises, could pose safety concerns. Individuals using pain medications,particularly opioids or muscle relaxants, were excluded to avoid interference withexercise performance or altered pain perception.

• Participants who had undergone back surgery within the last six months, or thosecurrently undergoing other physical therapy or treatments for back pain, such asphysiotherapy or chiropractic care, in the previous month were also excluded