Effects of Red Ginseng on Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Microbiota After Surgery for Gastrointestinal Cancer

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Pathologically diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancers (stomach cancer,pancreatobiliary cancer, colorectal cancer) prior to surgery.

2. Clinically staged and anticipated to not receive adjuvant chemotherapy aftersurgery.

3. Eligible for complete surgical resection (R0 resection).

4. ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) score of 3 or below.

5. Intereseted in health functional foods.

6. Not consumed probiotics or prebiotics for at least three months prior to studyenrollment.

7. Willing to refrain from consuming additional probiotics or prebiotics during thestudy period, apart from the provided red ginseng tablets.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients aged 80 years or older.

2. Patients who received neoadjuvant therapy before surgery.

3. Patients with underlying gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., inflammatory boweldisease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, galactose intolerance, lactasedeficiency, glucose-galactose malabsorption, short bowel syndrome, other hereditarygastrointestinal diseases, and autoimmune diseases).

4. Patients unable to orally consume red ginseng tablets.

5. Patients with a history of previous abdominal organ surgery, radiation therapy, orchemotherapy.

6. Patients with intestinal obstruction before surgery.

7. Patients regularly taking probiotic or prebiotic supplements.

8. Patients requiring formation of an ileostomy after surgery.

9. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes that may affect gastrointestinal function.

10. Patients with underlying conditions such as liver failure or renal failure.

11. Patients allergic to red ginseng.

12. Patients who received more than two weeks of antibiotic treatment duringhospitalization.