INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE:
Fluoropyrimidines (FPs) are the cornerstone of treatment for several gastrointestinal
(GI) malignancies. Approximately 5-7% of patients carry reduced function variants in
DPYD, resulting in the inability to metabolize FPs, predisposing them to severe,
life-threatening toxicities. These patients can be identified through DPYD
pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing. However, DPYD testing has not been widely adopted in
clinical care due to implementation barriers at the system- (e.g., access to testing,
integration into clinical workflows), clinician- (e.g., interpretation of results,
remembering to order test) and patient- (e.g., knowledge about testing, worry about
adverse effects of testing) levels. This results in substantial uncertainty and a
tendency to rely on several biases [e.g., status quo (not to test), loss aversion
(perception of loss greater than gain), omission (focusing on harm of action more than of
non-action), or confirmation (validating prior beliefs)] that can influence health
decisions. Behavioral economics offers a roadmap for mitigating clinician biases using
choice architecture and message framing, which involves changing the EHR environment to
facilitate the desired (evidence-based) choice, and patient biases using priming, which
uses direct communication strategies to address potential biases prior to clinical
encounters. In Aim 1, we will develop patient- and clinician-directed nudges with input
from key stakeholders. Feedback will also be used to develop and refine educational
materials to support clinical testing. In Aim 2, we will pilot test the nudges using
discrete choice experiments (DCE) to identify the optimal framing that best mitigate
cognitive biases. Results of the pilot will be utilized to design a randomized clinical
trial testing the nudge strategies.
OBJECTIVES:
To obtain input from clinician and patient stakeholders to design EHR based nudges that
are acceptable and will increase the likelihood of ordering DPYD testing prior to
prescribing a FP for GI cancer.
Aim 1: Develop and refine patient- and clinician- directed nudges that will address
biases to DPYD testing. Hypothesis: Stakeholder feedback will result in acceptable and
appropriate nudges.
Aim 1a. We will conduct focus groups with stakeholders and clinicians to refine the
framing and content of EHR nudges that will best mitigate biases to ordering DPYD
testing.
Aim 1b. We will conduct focus groups with patients to refine the framing of patient
directed nudges that would prompt them to initiate discussion about DPYD testing with
clinicians.
Aim 1c. Feedback from stakeholders will also be used to develop/refine clinician and
patient educational websites.
Aim 2: Pilot test patient- and clinician- nudges using discrete choice experiments.
We will test the degree to each message is associated with the greatest intention to
order testing (clinician), or prompt discussion regarding testing (patient) with in a
sample of 35 clinicians and 75 patients.
The results of this pilot will be used as preliminary data for a NIH grant to conduct a
prospective randomized, implementation trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the
optimized nudges to enhance the adoption of DPYD testing as an evidence-based way to
reduce TRAEs and improve the quality of care for cancer patients.