Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Pulmonary Nodules by Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Exhaled Breath

Inclusion Criteria:

• 18-80 years old;

• Pulmonary nodules were detected through low-dose spiral CT, chest CT conventionalscan, or high-resolution thin-layer CT examination, with a maximum diameter of 5-30mm, including solid nodules and ground glass nodules;

• Patients require pulmonary nodule resection to define the type of nodule pathology;

• The Patients have not yet used any drugs for tumor treatment;

• Patients and/or family members are able to understand the research protocol and arewilling to participate in this study, providing written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• The maximum diameter of pulmonary nodules is greater than 30 mm;

• Patients are unable to determine the pathological diagnosis of pulmonary nodulesafter surgical resection or biopsy;

• Patients with recurrent lung cancer;

• Patients who have undergone lung transplantation or lobectomy;

• Individuals who currently or have a history of malignant tumors;

• Patients in the acute phase of inflammation or in need of intensive care in theabove selected disease groups;

• Individuals with severe liver and kidney dysfunction;

• Mental illness patients (such as severe dementia, schizophrenia, severe depression,manic depressive psychosis, etc.);

• Confirmed HIV patients;

• Pregnant or lactating women;

• Patients or family members are unable to understand the conditions and objectives ofthis study.

• The patient is unwilling or unable to personally sign the informed consent form.