Visual-acoustic Intervention With Service Delivery In-person and Via Telepractice Trial

Inclusion Criteria:

• Must be between 9;0 and 17;11 (years;months) old at the time of enrollment.

• Must speak English as the dominant or equally dominant language

• Must have begun learning English by age 3, per parent report.

• Must hear a rhotic dialect of English from at least one speaker in the home if thehome language is English.

• Must pass a pure-tone hearing screening.

• Must pass a brief examination of oral structure and function.

• Must exhibit less than thirty percent accuracy, based on trained listener ratings,on a probe list eliciting /r/ in various phonetic contexts at the word level.

• Must demonstrate age-appropriate receptive and expressive language abilities on theClinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-5 (CELF-5).

• Must have access to a laptop or desktop computer for study sessions in the event ofrandomization to the telepractice condition.

• Must have home wifi sufficient to support video calls in the event of randomizationto the telepractice condition.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Must not exhibit voice or fluency disorder of a severity judged likely to interferewith the ability to participate in study activities.

• Must not currently have orthodontia that crosses the palate and cannot be removed.

• Must not have history of permanent hearing loss.

• Must not have an existing diagnosis of developmental disability such as cerebralpalsy or Down Syndrome.

• Must not have history of major brain injury, surgery, or stroke in the past year.

• Must not have epilepsy with active seizure incidents with in the past 6 months.

• Must not show clinically significant signs of apraxia of speech or dysarthria.