CPVI Alone Versus CPVI Plus Low-Voltage Areas Ablation During SR Versus CPVI Plus Low-Voltage Areas Ablation During AF for the Treatment of CAF

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients age is 18-80 years;

2. Patients with non-paroxysmal AF; non-paroxysmal AF will be defined as a sustainedepisode lasting > 7 days;

3. Patients can sign the written informed consent for the study;

4. Patients can endure the required follow-up.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who had previously undergone atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardia, oratypical atrial flutter ablation

2. Preoperative combined atrial tachycardia (≥30S) and atypical atrial flutter

3. Left atrial diameter >55mm

4. Left ventricular ejection fraction <35%

5. Left atrial thrombus

6. Postoperative cardiac surgery

7. After valve replacement

8. After permanent pacemaker implantation

9. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

10. Patients with moderate-to-severe aortic valve disease, moderate-to-severe mitralstenosis, and severe other valvular disease

11. Hemorrhagic stroke within 6 months

12. Transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke within 1 month

13. Mental disorder or history of mental illness and inability to cooperate voluntarily

14. Breastfeeding, pregnancy and women planning or likely to become pregnant

15. Life expectancy <12 months

16. Participating in other interventional clinical trials

17. The researchers judged that it was not suitable for inclusion in this study