High-Intensity Interval Training(HIIT) on Cardio-metabolic Risk in School-age Children

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 7-18 years at baseline.

• At least one of the following cardio-metabolic abnormalities:

1. Prediabetes (Impaired fasting glucose: 5.6 ≤ fasting blood glucose level ≤ 6.9mmol/L; or Impaired glucose tolerance: 7.8 ≤ blood glucose level after 2 hourspostprandial ≤ 11.0 mmol/L).

2. Lipid abnormalities (High-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≤ 1.04 mmol/L; orLow-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 3.37 mmol/L; or Triglycerides ≥ 1.70mmol/L, or Total cholesterol ≥ 5.18 mmol/L).

3. Elevated blood pressure (Systolic/diastolic blood pressure consistently higherthan the 90th percentile for gender, age, and height; or systolic/diastolicblood pressure ≥ 120/80 mmHg).

• Written consent from participants and their guardians.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previously diagnosed with heart failure, severe malnutrition, immune deficiency,liver or kidney disease, cancer, or other diseases deemed unsuitable forparticipation.

• Taking weight loss drugs, or undergone weight loss surgery.

• Attending behavior-based intervention programs (exercise or diet) within a year.

• Regular HIIT (at least once per week).

• Secondary obesity, such as neuropsychiatric disorders, endocrine disorders, sleepapnea syndrome, or other conditions.

• Unable to take interventions due to health conditions, such as joint diseases,fractures, injuries.

• Other situations unsuitable for participation.