More than 75% of persons living with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias who reach
80 years of age require residential long-term care, which is increasingly provided in
assisted living (AL). Across the country, almost 29,000 AL communities with more than
996,000 beds have become the primary residential care provider for persons with dementia:
90% of AL residents have cognitive impairment and 42% have recorded moderate or severe
dementia, with actual rates being higher. AL provides supportive but not nursing
services; consequently, virtually all care is provided by direct care workers (nursing
assistants and personal care aides).
Unfortunately, direct care workers are undervalued and under-trained, leading to poor
care, workplace injury, dissatisfaction, and high turnover. AL is state-regulated, and
only 17 states stipulate minimum training hours (some being as low as one hour), meaning
that two-thirds of states are silent on training. Fewer than 40% of staff have education
beyond high school, and so it is not surprising that a minority report sufficient
knowledge to care for persons with dementia. In striving to fill this gap, training for
direct care workers must be accessible and have efficacy in benefitting the staff,
organization, and persons with dementia.
Online training is an especially promising option due to its low cost, wide availability,
and potential for self pacing, automated skills tests, and certification. The Alzheimer's
Association is the national leader in dementia care training, and in 2021 developed
essentiALZ (pronounced "essentials"), an online program teaching evidence-based,
person-centered care, which can be accessed from a computer, tablet, or mobile device.
Already more than 1,500 staff have essentiALZ certification, but as is true of the
majority of training programs, evidence as to its ability to improve care and outcomes is
lacking. It is possible that essentiALZ is effective in changing care and outcomes, but
it may also be that additional supports are necessary to do so. A timely model of support
is Project ECHO, which has flooded the field of long-term care as a proven way to provide
expert guidance and peer support via a remote, online approach. Adding ECHO to online
dementia training might provide a necessary boost to achieve care change and improved
outcomes.
The project responds to the National Institute on Aging Notice of Special Interest that
calls for strengthening the workforce through enhancing and supporting skills training.
It will conduct a hybrid implementation/effectiveness randomized trial in 126 AL
communities, comparing essentiALZ alone, essentiALZ + ECHO enhancement, and a waitlist
control. Outcomes grounded in the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and
Maintenance (RE-AIM) model and the Kirkpatrick training effectiveness model will be
examined over six months, comparing the arms in terms of (1) implementation and (2)
effectiveness, and (3) examining the extent to which implementation and effectiveness
differ based on characteristics of the AL community, staff, residents, and family
members. Results will inform next steps in dementia care training for the AL and broader
long-term care workforce.