A Dual Energy Catheter (PFA and RFA) and a PFA Catheter for the Treatment of PeAF

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Aged 18-75 years old;

2. Documented symptomatic persistent atrial fibrillation, defined as persistent atrialfibrillation lasting more than 7 days and less than 1 year；

3. Ineffective or intolerable after treatment with at least one Class I or Class IIIantiarrhythmic drug;

4. Fully understand the treatment protocol and voluntarily sign the informed consentform and be willing to undergo the tests, procedures and follow-ups required by theprotocol.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients who have undergone left atrial surgery

2. Left atrial thrombosis

3. Patients with combined atrial tachycardia and atypical atrial flutter

4. Patients of childbearing age who are unable to use effective contraception duringthe 3-month period following enrollment

5. Anterior and posterior left atrial diameter ≥ 55mm

6. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40%

7. Previous atrial septal repair or atrial mucinous tumor

8. Active implants (e.g. pacemakers, ICDs, etc.) in the body

9. NYHA class III-IV cardiac function

10. Clear cerebrovascular disease within the last 6 months (including cerebralhemorrhage, stroke, transient ischemic attack)

11. Cardiovascular events within the last 3 months (including acute myocardialinfarction, coronary intervention or heart bypass surgery, prosthetic valvereplacement or repair, atrial or ventriculotomy)

12. Those with acute or severe systemic infections

13. Patients with severe liver or kidney disease, malignant tumors or end-stage diseasethat, in the opinion of the investigator, may interfere with the treatment,evaluation and compliance of this trial

14. Patients with significant bleeding tendency, hypercoagulable state and severehematologic disorders

15. Patients who have participated or are participating in other clinical trials within 3 months prior to enrollment

16. Patients who have other conditions that the investigator considers inappropriate forparticipation in this trial.