Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. The main motor
symptoms seen in Parkinson's disease are tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and decreased
postural reflexes. In addition, respiratory problems that lead to death may often be seen.
This is caused by dysfunction in the respiratory muscles and postural abnormalities, as well
as changes in upper airway muscle activation and coordination. The coughing or exhaling
reflex requires coordinated motor activity, and inadequate airway defence puts patients at
risk for pneumonia. Aspiration into the lower airways results in a distinct series of events,
including coughing and swallowing as the first attempt to clear the airway. Aspiration
pneumonia is seen in Parkinson's patients because the coordination of these processes is
unsuccessful, and the cough force is insufficient. Upper airway obstruction may occur due to
stiffness and fatigue in the thyroarytenoid muscles. In addition, pathological processes such
as bradykinesia, coordination disorder, and inspiratory muscle weakness can cause
kyphoscoliosis and a decrease in lung volumes, resulting in restrictive respiratory function
abnormality due to decreased chest wall compliance due to rigidity. In Parkinson's disease,
respiratory muscles, like other skeletal muscles, are affected by stiffness, and weakness of
the respiratory muscles makes it difficult to overcome this stiffness, resulting in reduced
lung volumes. It is thought that this condition may develop due to the decrease in elastic
retraction of the chest wall. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction due to the pathogenesis
of the disease also leads to deterioration in muscle oxygen metabolism. In individuals with
reduced muscle oxygen, exercise tolerance and muscle strength decrease. Autonomic dysfunction
of varying severity is observed in almost all patients, depending on the degeneration of
spinal autonomic neurons or the side effects of dopaminergic that are part of pharmacological
treatment. Patients may experience increased fatigue as well as autonomic dysfunction.
Inadequate oxygen delivery and utilization to the muscles may limit skeletal muscle
oxygenation and lead to increased use of anaerobic systems, resulting in fatigue. This causes
a decrease in the level of physical activity and reduces the quality of life.
However, studies investigating the effects of inspiratory muscle training in Parkinson's
patients are insufficient. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of inspiratory
muscle training on maximum and functional exercise capacity, muscle oxygen, peripheral and
respiratory muscle strength, respiratory muscle endurance, respiratory function, dyspnea,
fatigue, cough strength, autonomic dysfunction, physical activity level and quality of life
in patients with Parkinson's disease.For this purpose, our study was planned as a randomized,
controlled, three-blind (investigators, patient, and analyzer) prospective study. According
to the block randomization result, at least 20 patients with a diagnosis of Parkinson's
Disease will be included in the training and control groups.
Patients in the inspiratory muscle training group will be given inspiratory muscle strength
training with the Powerbreathe device at 50% of the maximal inspiratory pressure for a total
of 8 weeks, for a total of 30 minutes a day. Thoracic expansion exercises will be given to
the control group as a home program for 8 weeks. All assessments will be completed in two
days, before and after eight weeks of training.
