"Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of coalescing, tightly
clustered, non-necrotizing granulomas. The diagnosis is based on three major criteria: a
compatible clinical presentation, the presence of non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammation,
and the exclusion of alternative granulomatous diseases. A wide range of clinical phenotypes
are observed depending on the location of the granulomatous lesions which can affect any
organ, with the lungs being the most affected site. Sarcoidosis shares many similarities with
tuberculosis, in which granuloma formation is triggered by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
tb). These phenotypic similarities between the two diseases present many challenges for
diagnosis, clinical management and therapy.
Our understanding of the factors that contribute to sarcoidosis development, granuloma
formation and maintenance remains limited. Part of this challenge is that granuloma
development may involve both environmental and genetic factors, which contribute to the
recruitment of immune cells to form the granuloma. Immune cells involved in the granuloma
include (1) CD4 Th1 and Th17 T cells and their associated cytokines (e.g, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-17,
IL-2); and (2) monocytes (Mo) and macrophages (Ma) including proinflammatory M1 and
pro-fibrosis M2 types. However, the specific factors that contribute to granuloma maintenance
and evolution remain to be identified. Among them, we can hypothesized that trained immunity,
persistence of the antigen, or the microenvironment are involved in this chronic dysregulated
immune response. Such an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease may
allow development of new treatments, as currently corticosteroids remain the mainstay of
therapy.
Our main hypothesis is that granuloma formation and maintenance mainly relies on the
overactivation of monocytes (Mo) and macrophages (Ma). To this end, the study aims (i) to
define MoMa systemic signature in sarcoidosis, (ii) to characterize this signature in situ on
tissue samples, and (iii) to identify causative factors that participate to the MoMa chronic
overactivation. Thus, a cohort of sarcoidosis patients will be compared with tuberculosis
patients. The MoMa systemic signature will be defined on whole blood (TruCulture model) and
then in situ through different methods (multi-parameter spectral flow cytometry, RNA-seq,
Luminex, imaging mass cytometry). The epigenome of monocytes will be studied thanks to
CUT&Tag. The MoMa systemic signature will be defined ex vivo at different time points (M0, M6
and M12) during the course of the disease with phenotypic, transcriptomic, cytokine and
functional approaches. The previously identified signature will be studied in situ and
completed by the characterization of granuloma architecture and microenvironmental
interactions, which could be modulated by epigenetic modifications. Hence, the epigenome of
monocytes will be analyzed in two groups (sarcoidosis and tuberculosis). These results would
allow to better understand sarcoidosis physiopathology and, in fine, may raise new
therapeutic strategies. Finally, the study could challenge the dogma on innate
immunity/auto-inflammation versus adaptive immunity/auto-immunity/memory."