ImpACt of very high protein Content enteral nUtrition formulas on protein metabolism and
residual gastric volume in critically ill MUltipLe trAuma paTiEnts
Background and rationale:
Despite an increased survival among critically ill patients, many of the ICU "survivors"
may develop prolonged functional disabilities. It has already been proven that
nutritional therapy is essential, considering that an adequate provision of calories and
proteins may influence patients prognostic.
Multiple trauma patients are on a particular nutritional risk, since their high nitrogen
demands and associated nutritional therapy challenges, caused by repeated surgical
intervention or multiple imagistic procedures. Although nutritional therapy impact on
mortality is still in debate, clear, positive results were obtained in decreasing ICU and
hospital stay after adequate nutritional support.
According to ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the ICU early enteral nutrition
(within 48 h) should be initiated in order to assure an adequate calorie and protein
intake. Beside optimal timing, the management of nutrition therapy in critically ill
patients should also integrate the optimal route and caloric/protein targets.
Energy requirements monitoring through indirect calorimetry has been proposed as a
standard-of-care method for critically ill patients, considering its proven superiority
towards predictive equation.
Beyond calorie intake, proteins proved to play a central role in maintain lean body mass,
healing wounds and supporting immune function.For multiple trauma patients it was
reported that protein losses may reach 14 % of the total body stores, thus this type of
patients are exposed to a particular increased risk of protein deficits. If calorie
administration benefits from a proper monitoring tool, protein requirements are still
based on predictive equation. The impact of protein administration is also lacking of
direct measurements techniques. Lean body mass evaluation by ultrasound and computerized
tomography has been reported to have a good correlation with hospital stay and pots-ICU
functional capacity. Moreover muscle function evaluation through a hand-grip dynamometer
was also tested with good results in patients with ARDS.
Source of administered protein may also influence nitrogen balance, considering that whey
proteins (rich in leucine) promote a slower hydrolysis and allow a longer period for
absorption.
Reaching the recommended goals is often impeded by gastric intolerance manifested through
increased gastric volume residues. It has been already demonstrated that large gastric
volume residues are associated with impaired absorption and an increased incidence of
aspiration pneumonia.
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in multiple trauma patients admitted to the intensive care
unit (ICU) is an important yet underrecognized consequence. There are various causes of
gastrointestinal tract dysfunction mostly related to patients general health condition
and to their diagnostics. Gastrointestinal failure may be induced by several factors like
immunological, biological and mechanical barrier disruption and it may be manifested
through stress ulceration, bacterial translocation, ileus, intra-abdominal hypertension,
diarrhoea and constipation.
Whether residual gastric volume monitoring should be regularly performed has been
extensively discussed. Although the results from some randomised trials which focused on
monitoring gastric residual volume, did not find any difference in outcomes, this
measurement was far for being abandoned. Moreover, gastric residual volume monitoring is
still an essential component of enteral nutrition patient care.
Although several monitoring methods for gastric volume residue measurements were
described, there is no generally accepted technique for daily use.
Objective:
This prospective observational randomized study aims to determine energy, protein intake
and gastrointestinal tolerance while using enteral nutrition formulas with very high
protein content and enteral nutrition formulas with normal protein content.
Safety points:
Clinical parameters - vomiting, diarrhoea
Biochemical parameters - base excess, urea levels
Daily gastric residual volume evaluation using ultrasound gastric antrum
measurements after 24 hours of continuous enteral nutrition administration using
both types of formulas;
Study population Consecutive patients with multiple trauma intubated and mechanical
ventilated, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).
Sample size calculation Since the hypotheses of the study are exploratory, no formal
sample size calculation has been performed. This prospective observational study aims to
recruit>70 multiple trauma patients.
Randomization:
Simple randomization method will be used to assign subjects into two groups A and B.
Ethical considerations:
This study will be conducted in full conformity with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good
Clinical Practices.
Local ethical committee approval will be asked before any patient will be included.
Considering that nutritional support has become a standard-of-care in every intensive
care unit in the world, it is considered that this research is based on collecting data
routinely available for every critically ill patient. Although no intervention is
performed an informed consent will be provided.
Taking into account that the included patients are not able to provide informed consent
at the time of recruitment (on ICU admission), a Power of Attorney or a Legal tutor will
act as Consultee and will be asked to consent/decline participation to the study on legal
behalf of the patient. If patients have Advance Decision Plan including participation in
research studies the Plan will be respected and recruitment pursued/abandoned
accordingly.
After regaining capacity, all patients will be asked to provide Informed Consent for
using their personal data and will be given the possibility to:
Provide Informed Consent for the acute data and follow-up. Deny research participation
and request destruction of acute data collected.
Study participant research data, which is for purposes of statistical analysis and
scientific reporting, will be transmitted to the Data Manager and the Statistician of the
study.
Expected impact of the study KNOWLEDGE The investigators aim to provide a detailed
description of protein administration using two different types of enteral formulas. The
main objectives of the study are to evaluate energy, protein intake and gastrointestinal
tolerance while using enteral nutrition formulas with different protein content.
Nevertheless, the investigators want to provide data about the impact of these different
enteral nutrition formulas on body composition as well as on functionality.
Regarding of the obtained data a change on local and national recommendation considering
enteral nutrition in multiple trauma patients is to be expected.
Funding All the enteral nutrition products are donated by the Nutricia Global. No funding
will be received for this study.