VZV in the Enteric Nervous System: Pathogenesis and Consequences

Last updated: May 13, 2025
Sponsor: Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Overall Status: Active - Recruiting

Phase

4

Condition

Achalasia

Esophageal Disorders

Treatment

ValACYclovir 1000 MG

Shingrix

Clinical Study ID

NCT05550194
VENS_220945
  • Ages 18-75
  • All Genders

Study Summary

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the cause of chickenpox and shingles, but it also infects, becomes latent, and reactivates in nerve cells of the bowel to cause a gastrointestinal disorder ("enteric shingles"). The Investigators recently found that a chronic active VZV infection, a form of enteric shingles, is associated with achalasia, a severe disease in which the passage of food from esophagus to stomach is impaired. We now propose to eradicate VZV to determine whether its association with achalasia is causal, to identify the genetic basis behind VZV reactivation in the esophagus, and the relationship of mast cells to enteric shingles and abdominal pain.

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Male and female subjects aged 18-75 years old inclusive (females of childbearingpotential should be on highly effective contraceptive methods)

  • Fluent in English and mentally capable to provide informed consent who present toVanderbilt University Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center for treatment ofachalasia.

  • Based on standard clinical practice, we anticipate that patients who undergo thesetreatments will have been formally diagnosed with achalasia and will be fit toundergo the selected treatment intervention.

  • All subjects must be able to undergo timed barium swallow testing, trans-nasalintubation for high-resolution manometry probe, and therapeutic intervention of a 2-month course of valacyclovir 1g TID and two injections of Shingrix over atwo-month period.

Exclusion

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Unstable medical illness with ongoing diagnostic work-up and treatment. Patientswith well-controlled hypertension, diabetes and a remote history of ischemic heartdisease that is deemed stable, as judged by the physician-investigator can beincluded.

  • Current neurologic or cognitive impairment which would make the patient anunsuitable candidate for a research trial.

Study Design

Total Participants: 40
Treatment Group(s): 2
Primary Treatment: ValACYclovir 1000 MG
Phase: 4
Study Start date:
March 27, 2023
Estimated Completion Date:
August 31, 2026

Study Description

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is so well known as the cause of cutaneous varicella (chickenpox) and zoster (shingles) that it can be hard to imagine it as an enteric pathogen. VZV establishes latency during varicella and returns to the skin in zoster when the neurons in which VZV reactivates have cutaneous projections. Because a viremia occurs during varicella, VZV also infects and establishes latency in enteric neurons that do not innervate the skin. VZV can reactivate in enteric neurons to give rise to "enteric zoster", which can occur without an associated rash. Because a rash may thus be absent, pain due to enteric zoster can be occult. The Investigators have found, however, that VZV DNA, which is absent from normal saliva, is detectable in saliva whenever an active (lytic) VZV infection is present in the body; thus, detection of salivary VZV is a non- invasive diagnostic tool that, in combination with enteric signs and symptoms, helps to identify GI disorders that involve VZV. The Investigators have found VZV transcripts and protein in endoscopic biopsies from patients with occult abdominal pain and salivary VZV DNA, which verifies that these patients have enteric zoster. These observations led the Investigators to investigate the potential association between VZV and achalasia in 15 patients.

The Investigators found salivary VZV DNA in 12/15 subjects examined prior to myotomy and, subsequently, VZV transcripts in 13/15 of the resected myotomy specimens. The tissue also contained VZV immunoreactive (gE, gH, ORF40p) neurons, nerve fibers, and multinucleated giant cells. To help determine whether this persistent VZV infection of esophageal neurons is causally related to achalasia, the Investigators now propose to conduct a clinical trial of valacyclovir to determine whether eradication of VZV alleviates achalasia symptoms and improves esophageal function. The Investigators also plan to quantify viral load in relation to achalasia phenotypes and employ next generation sequencing to look for a genetic basis of esophageal VZV reactivation. Finally, because mast cell accumulation and degranulation have been reported in the achalasia esophagus and verified in our preliminary data, the Investigators will test the hypothesis that mast cell activation contributes to manifestations and/or painful symptoms of VZV- associated achalasia. To gain insight into mechanisms of achalasia pathogenesis, the Investigators will also determine whether VZV reactivates specifically in neurons thought to control relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (nitric oxide synthase) and/or the excitatory phase of esophageal peristalsis (choline acetyltransferase). Viral destruction of nitrergic inhibitory neurons could be a cause of failure of LES smooth muscle to relax and either or both of these neurons could contribute to the loss of peristalsis that accompanies achalasia.

Connect with a study center

  • Vanderbilt University Medical Center

    Nashville, Tennessee 37129
    United States

    Active - Recruiting

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