Laparoscopic gynecologic surgery has evolved from a limited surgical procedure used only for
diagnostic purposes to a major surgical approach for treating a multitude of malignant and
non-malignant pathologies. It is currently considered one of the most common surgical
procedures performed by gynecologists. Laparoscopic surgery, has become widely recognized as
a viable alternative to traditional laparotomy in treatment of different gynecologic diseases
. The advantages of laparoscopic surgery over traditional laparotomy include a smaller
surgical wound, less postoperative pain, a shorter hospital stay, faster recovery, and a
better cosmetic result. However, post-laparoscopic shoulder pain (PLSP), is a prevalent
complaint following laparoscopic surgery with an incidence as high as 80%. The pain can be
severe and is usually relieved in 24-48h, but rarely persists for over 72h after surgery. It
has also been found that PLSP is less responsive to treatment than incision and visceral
pain.
The precise mechanism of post-laparoscopic shoulder pain remains unclear. Carbon dioxide
accumulation and phrenic nerve irritation as a result of diaphragmatic stretching are the
most accepted explanations. A number of techniques that are proposed to diminish shoulder
pain as intraperitoneal instillation of local anesthetics, pulmonary recruitment maneuver,
warm and humidified dioxide, low pressure pneumoperitoneum and intraperitoneal normal saline
infusion. Unfortunately, these interventions have often found quite varied and sometimes even
conflicting results regarding their effectiveness.
Optimal pain management is imperative for the success of immediate and long term
rehabilitation. Therefore, relieving PLSP is a problem that can no longer be ignored.
Effective pain control is best achieved through a combination of both pharmaceutical and
non-pharmaceutical therapies. Non pharmacological methods increase women/Patient control of
her feeling, improve the activity level and functional capacity and reduce dosage of
analgesic drugs thus decreasing the side effects of treatment.
One of the popular non-pharmacological techniques is heat therapy, it is easy to use,
inexpensive, require no prior practice, and have minimal side effects when used properly. In
addition to being used for pain relief, heat is used to relieve chills or trembling, decrease
joint stiffness, reduce muscle spasm, and increase connective tissue extensibility
Also, one of the recommended non-pharmacological actions is to use deep breathing relaxation
techniques. The technique of breathing relaxation itself is an act of nursing care, which in
this case the nurse teaches the patients how to do deep breathing techniques, slow breathing
(hold inspiration to the maximum) and how to exhale slowly. In addition to reducing pain
intensity, deep breathing relaxation techniques can also improve lung ventilation and
increase blood oxygenation.
In addition, the trendelenburg position might decrease shoulder pain by reducing the
mechanical pressure exerted by CO2 on the diaphragm and the upper abdominal muscles. CO2,
known for its high solubility, would also be displaced to the pelvis that has a rich
vasculature which in turn speeds up the resorption of pneumoperitoneum .However,
evidence-based research is still needed in the area of pain relief after gynecologic
laparoscopy and few studies have attempted to identify the effect of warm application and
trendelenburg position versus deep breathing technique on PLSP. So, the purpose of this study
is to determine the effect of postoperative trendelenburg position, warm application, and
deep breathing exercise on shoulder pain
