Cancer pain is one of the most common and problematic symptoms.uncontrolled pain affect
quality of life and daily activities .Cancer pain has two main categories nociceptive and
neuropathic pain,Cancer pain is often a combination of nociceptive and neuropathic pain.
A framework for managing pain often starts with the World Health Organization (WHO)
Analgesic Ladder, step 1 use non opioid analgesics, step 2 weak opioids, step 3 strong
opioids, step 4 interventions non pharmacological, adjuvants can be added to any step .
Opioids are typically the most common drugs used in the treatment of cancer pain. They
work by binding to μ-opioid receptors within the central nervous system, which are
responsible for opioid mediated analgesia, respiratory depression, sedation,
physiological dependence, and tolerance, they are limited due to their side effects as
nausea, constipation, sedation, and confusion, prolonged use of opioids may lead to
development of tolerance, abnormal hypersensitivity to pain.
Tramadol is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic with low affinity for μ-opioid
receptors, and is effective in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. It has been also
shown to inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, which synergistically enhances
its weak opioid mechanism of action.
This may explain the reduced incidences of abuse, respiratory depression and other
adverse effects of traditional opioids in patients on long-term tramadol therapy.it is a
useful drug in patients with cancer pain both with nociceptive and neuropathic pain
.Neuropathic pain is typically not amenable to standard opiate therapy, and the addition
of tricyclic antidepressants or/and antiepileptic drugs can offer a very effective
treatment strategy in such patients.
Adjuvant analgesics are drugs primarily marketed for other indications, such as
depression, but also have an important role in cancer pain management. Antidepressants,
such as serotonin- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine, venlafaxine) or
tricyclics ( nortriptyline, amitriptyline) and anticonvulsants (pregabalin, gabapentin,
carbamazepine) have efficacy in the treatment of pain, particularly neuropathic pain
.Duloxetine is a Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (SNRI) that has been used
traditionally for its antidepressant qualities and has also analgesic benefit in the
treatment of neuropathic pain . Duloxetine exerts its analgesic action through central
and peripheral pain modulation , it enhances the effect of serotonin and norepinephrine
on descending inhibitory pain pathways in the brain and spinal cord and activation of
some cerebral prefrontal areas . Besides, it has been claimed that Duloxetine has an
anti-nociceptive effect through Na + channel block , therefore it suppresses the neuronal
cell firing resulting from peripheral injury . The most common adverse effects of
duloxetine, which may lead to discontinuation of the drug, are nausea, dizziness, and
somnolence .There is a possibility that duloxetine was effective in both activation of
the descending pain modulatory system and the improvement of depressive mood, the effect
may have partly taken place due to elevation of the pain threshold through the
antidepressant effect of duloxetine . Recently, the efficacy of duloxetine has been
reported in patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) and in
non-cancer neuropathic pain. .