Effectiveness and Safety of Pharmacopuncture Therapy for Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosed with lumbar spinal stenosis based on radiology including computedtomography or magnetic resonance imaging.

2. Clear neurogenic claudication symptoms existed (symptoms aggravated with walking,and alleviated upon resting in lumbar flexion position).

3. reported radiating leg pain or low back pain (LBP) with intensity of NRS ≥5

4. Between the age of 19 and 69 years old.

5. Participants who agreed to participate the study and voluntarily signed the informedconsent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with vascular claudication

2. Patients with pathologies of non-spinal origin that may cause LBP or radiating legpain (e.g. spinal tumor, fracture)

3. Patients with soft tissue pathologies that may cause LBP or radiating leg pain (e.g.tumor, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, gout)

4. Patients with other systemic diseases that may interfere with treatment effect oroutcome interpretation

5. Patients who administrate those prescribed medicine that may interfere withinterpretation of the result (e.g. corticosteroids, immunosuppressants,physchotropic drugs)

6. Patients for whom pharmacopuncture treatment may be inappropriate or unsafe (e.g.hemorrhagic diseases, blood clotting disorders, history of anti-coagulation medicineintake, serious diabetes with risk of infection)

7. Patients who were treated with one of the following intervention within the pastweek; medicine that may potentially influence pain such as NSAIDs (nonsteroidalantiinflammatory drugs), pharmacopuncture, or physical therapies.

8. Pregnant patients or patients planning pregnancy

9. Patients with medical history of spinal surgery within the past 3 months

10. Previous participation in other clinical studies within 1 month of current studyenrollment, or plans to participate in other clinical studies during participation (including follow-up period) of the current study after study enrollment

11. Patients unable to fill out study participation consent form

12. Patients deemed unsuitable for study participation as assessed by the researchers