Predictive Indices of Independent Activity of Daily-living in Neurorehabilitation

Inclusion Criteria Stroke patients:

• < 6 months from the acute event;

• age range 18-85 years;

• Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) ≥ 3.

Exclusion Criteria Stroke patients:

• Cognitive deficits (Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) > 24);

• Severe unilateral spatial neglect (diagnosed with Letter Cancellation test, the Barrage test, the Sentence Reading test and the Wundt-Jastrow Area Illusion Test);

• Severe aphasia (diagnosed with neuropsychological assessment);

• Neurological/orthopedic/cardiac comorbidities (clinically evaluated);

• Alcohol or substance abuse.

Inclusion Criteria Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) patients:

• Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8;

• Age range 15-65years;

• Level of Cognitive Functioning (LCF): ≥ 7;

• Adequate linguistic abilities; dynamic balance disorders;

• Functional Ambulation Category (FAC)≥ 3; Exclusion Criteria Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) patients

• Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) > 8;

• Level of Cognitive Functioning (LCF) < 7;

• Severe aphasia (based on neuropsychological assessment);

• Absence of balance disorders;

• Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) < 3

• Alcohol or substance abuse.

Inclusion Criteria Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients:

• Age ≥ 60 Years

• Normal Neurologic Examination

• Cognitive decline reporting by the patient himself or by the caregiver.

• Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score range: 23.88 ≤ MMSE ≤ 26 ( or ≤ 28 if the patient's schooling is up than 16 years.

• Functional Independence

• Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) <1.

Exclusion Criteria Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients:

• Presence of overt dementia

• Other clinical and/or neurological condition which could compromise the assessment.

• Alcohol or substance abuse

Inclusion Criteria Parkinson Disease patients (PD):

• Absence of dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination score (MMSE)> 25);

• Age range 40-80 years;

• Hoehn & Yahr 2-3;

• Walking autonomy

Exclusion Criteria Parkinson Disease patients (PD):

• Dementia (Hoehn & Yahr) > 3;

• Severe cardiological / pulmonary / orthopaedic / metabolic conditions that prevent the trial participation;

Inclusion Criteria Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients:

• Age range 30-65 years

• Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) according with revisited McDonalds criteria;

• Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) ranging between 0 and 6;

• Ability to walk independently or with aid for at least 50 meters.

Exclusion Criteria Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients:

• Associated psychiatric and/or neurological disorders (different from the MS);

• Clinical relapse within the three months prior to enrollment;

• Steroid therapy within 30 days before the enrollment;

• Peripheric diseases as visual and/or auditory impairments that could interfere with motor and cognitive tasks execution;

• Fracture of lower limb within three months before the enrollment.

Inclusion Criteria Healthy subjects:

• Age range 18-80 years

Exclusion Criteria Healthy subjects:

• Any neurological/orthopedic/cardiac condition (clinically evaluated)