WHNRC (Western Human Nutrition Research Center) Fiber Intervention Study

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Body Mass Index (BMI) 18.5 - 30.9 kg/m2

2. inadequate total dietary fiber intake defined as:

• Females 18 - 30 years old, less than 28 g/day

• Females 31 - 50 years old, less than 25 g/day

• Females 51+ year old, less than 22 g/day

• Males 18 - 30 years old, less than 34 g/day

• Males 31 - 50 years old, less than 31 g/day

• Males 51+ years old, less than 28 g/day

Exclusion Criteria:

1. blood pressure greater than or equal to 140/90 mmHg

2. has HIV/AIDS or another disease that affects the immune system

3. has any kind of cancer

4. inability to lift 30 pounds with assistance (for transporting refrigerated stoolcontainers)

5. decline to take an HIV blood test

6. pregnant or lactating women

7. refusal to take a pregnancy test

8. female subjects: refusal to use a method of birth control 1 week prior to theadministration of the vaccine, 1 week during the vaccine, and 1 week after thevaccine

9. allergy to vaccine components, i.e. thimerosal and enteric-coated capsules

10. allergy to oral typhoid vaccine

11. use of anti-inflammatory medications, i.e. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), aspirin, 3 or more times per month

12. use of sulfonamides or antibiotics 3 months prior to the receipt of Ty21a vaccine.

13. use of anti-hypertensive drugs, i.e. beta blockers, diuretics, calcium channelblockers

14. use of anti-malaria drugs, i.e. mefloquine, chloroquine, and proguanil

15. use of drugs that affects the immune system, i.e. immunosuppressants,immune-modifying drugs, corticosteroids, i.e. cortisone, prednisone,methylprednisolone, for 2 weeks or longer

16. use of biologics, i.e. Lantus, Remicade, Rituxan, Humira, Herceptin, Avastin,Lucentis, Enbrel for 2 weeks or longer

17. undergoing cancer treatment with radiation or drugs

18. greater than 10 years residence in a typhoid-endemic area

19. receipt of typhoid vaccine in the last 5 years

20. receipt of any vaccine two weeks prior to receipt of Ty21a vaccine

21. individuals at increased risk of developing complications from a live, bacterialvaccine

22. history of typhoid fever

23. history of primary immune deficiency or autoimmune disease

24. history of acute or chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, i.e. Crohn's disease,irritable bowel syndrome, gastric ulcer

25. diarrheal illness (defined as passing 3 or more abnormally loose or watery stool ina 24 hour period) or persistent vomiting 2 weeks prior to the study

26. history of chronic illnesses, i.e. diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer,gastrointestinal malabsorption or inflammatory diseases, kidney disease, autoimmunedisorders, HIV, liver disease, including hepatitis B and C

27. asthma if taking medication on a daily basis

28. recent surgery (within 3 months)

29. history of GI surgery

30. recent hospitalization (within 3 months)

31. fever (within 2 weeks)

32. unwillingness to discontinue probiotic, prebiotic, or other supplements (exceptRecommended Dietary Allowance-level vitamin and mineral supplements), fibersupplements, or food and beverage products containing inulin, chicory root fiber, ormaltodextrin during the study

33. not having at least one arm vein suitable for blood drawing

34. unwilling or uncomfortable with blood draws and stool collections

35. regular blood or blood product donation and refusal to suspend donation

36. current participation in another research study

37. unable to fast for 12-16 hours

38. have fewer than 3 bowel movements per week

39. consuming one or more servings of added-inulin foods per day over the past month