Tenofovir Alafenamide(TAF) Reduces the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma(HCC) Recurrence

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is prevalent in the hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection endemic areas. For early stage of HCC, surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or microwave ablation (MWA) are the main treatment options. However, the risk of recurrence is as high as 50% in 5 years by surgical resection or 60-70% in 5 years by RFA. In average, the recurrence rate of HCC at 2 years is 30%. Many factors are associated with the HCC recurrence, including HBV viral load, cirrhotic stage, tumor size, tumor number, vascular invasion, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) level and so on. Of them, high HBV viral load is associated with the risk of HCC recurrence after surgical resection, especially on late recurrence. In one previous randomized controlled trial, patients who received lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, or entecavir had significantly decreased early recurrence of HCC, however, whether nucleos(t)ide analogues(NUCs) can further reduce the risk of recurrence in patients with low viral loads (<2000 IU/ml) is still unclear.

In EASL 2017 guideline, all patients with compensated or decompensated cirrhosis need antiviral treatment, with any detectable HBV DNA level and regardless of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) levels. In Taiwan, even in chronic hepatitis B(CHB) infection patients with HCC, NUC is not reimbursed if their HBV viral load was less than 2000 IU/ml. It is an important unmet medical need to understanding the role of TAF in reducing the risk of recurrence in HBV-HCC patients with low HBV viral load (HBV DNA<2000 IU/ml) and significant liver fibrosis after curative treatment (The definition of significant liver fibrosis was based on reference. In our recent retrospective study, the risk of recurrence and survival are comparable between patients with and without NUCs treatment before HCC development only if NUCs treatment can be provided after curative treatment of HCC. However, a higher risk of recurrence was observed in cirrhotic patients with prior NUCs treatment before HCC occurrence. It would be interesting to investigate the incidence of recurrence by switching to tenofovir alafenamide(TAF) after curative treatment of HCC in patients already on NUCs treatment.