Rationale:
Cardiovascular events are the leading cause of death among patients with diabetes. Early
identification of high-risk diabetic (DM) patients for intensification of preventive therapy
may prevent cardiovascular events.
Aims:
Among biomarker (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP)-identified high-risk
type 2 DM patients without pre-existing cardiovascular disease, to test if intensive
preventive therapy (high dose renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors [RAASi],
beta-blockade, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors [SGLT2i]) may be associated with
reduced cardiovascular events compared to standard of care.
Design:
Prospective multinational randomized open-label, parallel group, active-controlled, two-arm,
long-term morbidity and mortality trial involving 5 Asian regions (Singapore, Malaysia,
China, Taiwan, India; estimated 6 sites each) with patients followed for 2 years.
Population:
Adults with type 2 DM without known cardiovascular disease (defined as known coronary
stenosis > 70%, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%, or a history of myocardial
infarction/coronary revascularization/heart failure hospitalization/stroke/prior
non-traumatic lower limb amputation or angioplasty) and with NT-proBNP > 125 pg/mL
Duration:
The goal is to include approximately 2,400 patients. It is estimated that about 3,000
patients with NT-proBNP > 125pg/mL have to be screened. The screen failure rate, for reasons
other than NT-proBNP, is anticipated to be approximately 20%. The observation period is
planned to last for two years. However, the trial is event driven and will continue until
predefined event rate is reached (see sample size calculation). The total trial duration is
expected to last for four years (two years of recruitment and a two-year observation period
after last patient in). Every patient will remain in the study for two years after
randomization.
Visits:
Visit 1:
Pre- Screening
Patients who fulfil the first three pre-screening criteria will proceed for NT-proBNP
Point-of-Care (POC) testing:
Type 2 diabetes for at least 6 months (ADA definition)
Informed consent
Check Inclusion/exclusion criteria
NT-proBNP (assessed through local point of care device) *If the results for NT-proBNP
fall > 125pg/mL, the patients will proceed for Full-Screening.
Full- Screening
Patient enrolment details
Demographic data
Patient diary (blood pressure, heart rate, blood glucose) - distribution (optional)
Vital signs -pulse rate and blood pressure
Height, weight, waist and hip circumference
Medical history (DM, cardiovascular, general and behavioural)
Routine Blood sampling for local laboratory, collected from medical record, if available
Blood collection for Biomarker analysis (Refer to Section 5.3 and Biospecimen manual)
Urine sample for Urine Albumin/creatinine ratio, collected from medical record, if
available
Electronic randomization (Section 2.6)
12-Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG), collected from medical record, if available (For
Singapore sites, ECG values are to be acquired, if not available from medical record)
EuroQoL questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L)
Drug prescription assessment
Health service resource utilisation assessment
Cardiovascular events assessment
Baseline Adverse Events assessment
Echocardiography measurements, collected from medical records, if available (all sites)
Echocardiography image acquisition (for Singapore and Taiwan sites only - optional)
Interim visits for the treatment group Visit 1-4 is mandatory for all patients, interim
visits (between Visits 1-2) only for the intensive treatment group for up-titration of RAASi
and beta-blockers and initiation/continuation of SGLT2i. The frequency is up to the treating
physician and titration steps. A visit is not mandatory for each titration step.
Patient diary - collect for assessment and distribute new (optional)
Vital signs -pulse rate and blood pressure
Routine blood sampling for local laboratory, collected from medical record, if available
Drug prescription assessment for further up-titration
Health service resource utilisation assessment
Cardiovascular events assessment
Adverse Events assessment Note: SBP and heart rate should not permanently decrease below
100mmHg and 60bpm respectively.
Visit 2 (3 months ± 1 week)
Patient diary - collect for assessment and distribute new (optional)
Vital signs -pulse rate and blood pressure
Routine Blood sampling for local laboratory, collected from medical record, if available
Urine sample for Urine Albumin/creatinine ratio, collected from medical record, if
available
12-Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG), collected from medical record, if available (For
Singapore sites, ECG values are to be acquired, if not available from medical record)
Drug prescription assessment1
Health service resource utilisation assessment
Cardiovascular events assessment
Adverse Events assessment
Visit 3 (12 months ± 2 weeks)
Patient diary - collect for assessment and distribute new (optional)
NT-proBNP (assessed through local point of care device)
Vital signs -pulse rate and blood pressure
Height, weight, waist and hip circumference
Routine Blood sampling for local laboratory, collected from medical record, if available
Blood collection for Biomarker analysis (Refer to Section 5.3 and Biospecimen manual)
Urine sample for Urine Albumin/creatinine ratio, collected from medical record, if
available
12-Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG), collected from medical record, if available (For
Singapore sites, ECG values are to be acquired, if not available from medical record)
EuroQoL questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L)
Drug prescription assessment1
Health service resource utilisation assessment
Cardiovascular events assessment
Adverse Events assessment
Echocardiography image acquisition (for Taiwan only - optional)
Visit 4: End of Study (24 months ± 2 weeks)
Patient diary - collect for assessment and distribute new (optional)
Vital signs -pulse rate and blood pressure
Height, weight, waist and hip circumference
Routine Blood sampling for local laboratory, collected from medical record, if available
Urine sample for Urine Albumin/creatinine ratio, collected from medical record, if
available
12-Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG), collected from medical record, if available (For
Singapore sites, ECG values are to be acquired, if not available from medical record)
EuroQoL questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L)
Drug prescription assessment
Health service resource utilisation assessment
Cardiovascular events assessment
Adverse Events assessment
Long-term follow-up (LTFU) (36 and 48 months ± 3 weeks)
Follow up through telephone contact or population registry (if access allowed) until
completion of the study
Long-term cardiovascular events, mortality and hospitalizations.
Adverse Events assessment
For all patients, irrespective of whether they reach these two LTFU time points, a final
follow-up should be performed at the end of study