Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most lethal form of tuberculosis, causing death or severe
neurologic deficits in more than half of those affected in spite of antituberculosis
chemotherapy. Among the first line drugs, isoniazid is the only bactericidal agent that
easily crossed blood-brain barrier, achieving concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
similar to those in serum. The genetically polymorphic N-acetyltransferase type 2 (NAT2) is
responsible for isoniazid metabolism, and individuals can be classified as "rapid
acetylators", "intermediate acetylators" or "slow acetylators" based on NAT2 genotyping.
Rapid acetylators were associated with low concentrations of isoniazid based on previous
studies. The investigators hypothesize that among rapid acetylators high dose isoniazid would
result in lower rates of death and disability in patients with tuberculous meningitis than
the rates with the standard regimen.
The investigators recruited patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years with newly diagnosed
TBM. Patients could not enter the trial if they have been using any other second line
antituberculosis drug; if they had received anti-tuberculosis therapy in the past 3 years；if
they have positive CSF Gram or India ink stain; if they have received more than 14 days of
anti-tuberculosis drugs for the current infection; if they were known or suspected
hypersensitivity to or unacceptable side effects from any oral first line antituberculosis
drug; if the plasma creatinine concentration was more than the upper limit of the normal
range, if the plasma bilirubin concentration was more than 2 times the upper limit of the
normal range, or if the plasma alanine aminotransferase level was more than three times the
upper limit of the normal range; if they were known or suspected pregnancy; if they were
known or suspected isoniazid and/or rifampin resistant; if they were lack of consent； if they
were any participant for whom investigators judge this study is not appropriated.
Participants will be recruited from four sites in China, including Beijing Chest Hospital
affiliated to Capital Medical University, Zunyi Medical College affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi
Provincial Chest Hospital and Jiamusi Infectious Disease Hospital. All hospitals serve the
local community and act as tertiary referral centers for patients with severe tuberculosis or
infectious diseases in China.
Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all patients. Then
NAT2 genotype will be characterized by using High-Resolution Melting Kit (Zeesan Company,
Xiamen). Participants with slow or intermediate acetylators will be administered with
standard chemotherapy (3 months HRZE followed by 9 months HRE). For participants with rapid
acetylators, patients were stratified at study entry according to the modified British
Medical Research Council criteria (MRC grade), then randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to
receive either standard or high dose isoniazid treatment.
All patients received antituberculosis treatment, which consisted of isoniazid (300 mg for
standard treatment and 900 mg for high dose treatment), rifampin (450 mg for weight no more
than 50 kg, 600 mg for weight more than 50 kg), pyrazinamide (1500 mg for weight no more than
50 kg, 1750 mg for weight more than 50 kg), ethambutol (750 mg for weight no more than 50 kg,
1000 mg for weight more than 50 kg) for 3 months, followed by isoniazid, rifampin and
ethambutol at the same doses for an additional 9 months. All patients received adjunctive
treatment with dexamethasone for the first 6 to 8 weeks of treatment, as recommend by British
Infection Society.
338 participants with rapid acetylators will be randomly assigned to group B (standard
treatment) and group C (high dose isoniazid), respectively. The calculation assumes an
overall mortality and severe disability of 50% vs. 70 % in the two arms, a power of 80% and a
two-sided significance level of 5%. Randomization ration is 1:1. At the same time, 338
participants with slow or intermediate acetylators were recruited to group A (standard
treatment).
The primary outcome was death or severe disability 12 months after enrollment. Secondary
outcome measures were coma-clearance time, fever-clearance time, and difference of CSF
laboratory examination (protein concentration, chloride, glucose and white cell counts) of
cerebrospinal fluid after 3 months treatment.