Background In recent decades, local healthcare services have undergone dramatic changes.
The World Health Organization (WHO) refers to a shift from specialized hospital to local
healthcare services to meet the growing expectations for better performance and outcomes
in health care and better value for money. In line with the WHO statements a structural
reform reorganised the entire public sector in Denmark in 2007. The local healthcare
services were given the responsibility for the more generalised rehabilitation of
patients with chronic diseases, and hospitals were to carry out more specialised
rehabilitation for patients with chronic diseases admitted to a hospital. Today, several
local healthcare services provide non-pharmacological phase II cardiac rehabilitation
(CR); this phase encompasses the immediate post discharged period. Central Denmark Region
has - as the only region in Denmark - assigned phase II CR as a local healthcare task.
This unique reform became effective on 1 January, 2017. However, there is sparse
knowledge about how this reform may influence processes of care and outcomes in CR.
CR programmes do not meet the required evidence-based standard Several countries have
developed clinical practice guidelines for CR, including Denmark in 2013. The guidelines
incorporate the best available evidence for the management of CR to assist health
professionals and patient decisions about appropriate rehabilitation. However, it is
unclear to what extent local healthcare services CR is performed in accordance with the
clinical practice guidelines for CR. Doherty P et al. studied the extent to which
programmes meet national minimum standards for the delivery of CR as prescribed by the
National Certification Programme for CR in UK. The authors found that 31% out of 170
unique CR programmes were delivered with high performance, 46% as mid-level performance,
18% were lower-level, while 5% failed to meet any of the minimum criteria. We have not
been able to find other similar studies for performance of CR programmes in Denmark or
elsewhere. Therefore, it is unclear whether the performance varies in local healthcare
services CR programmes in Denmark, and whether there is a need for improvement to provide
all patients a high-quality evidence-based service.
Patient education using learning and coping improves adherence Patient education is
recommended in the clinical practice guidelines for CR and is defined as: "The process by
which health professionals and others impact information to patients who will change
their health behaviors or improve their health status". In the guidelines several
educational topics are listed as important for patient education. However, the rationale
for the specific areas is not completely explained in the guidelines. Furthermore, the
guidelines only advice on what to teach, not how it should be done e.g. educational
models, material, provider and setting. A systematic review shows that the delivery of
patient education programmes can vary substantially, but common topics include nutrition,
exercise, risk factor modification, psychosocial well-being and medications. Also
duration, frequency and ongoing maintenance or re-inforcement vary between programmes.
However, the Danish Health Authority recommend using evidence-based methods in patient
education including Learning and Coping, Motivational interview.
In Central Denmark Region, six out of 19 local healthcare services have decided to use
Learning and Coping in CR while remaining local healthcare services use different
approaches. Learning and Coping is a health pedagogical strategy that builds on inductive
teaching with high involvement of the participants. Characteristics of Learning and
Coping are that 'experienced patients' plan, teach and evaluate, in cooperation with
health professionals. In a hospital setting, Learning and Coping has shown an increase
inpatient adherence in CR including training and patient education, especially for those
with low socioeconomic status. However, it is unclear whether using Learning and Coping
in local healthcare services performs similar results. These results are needed because
low socioeconomic status is a common barrier to attending CR programmes.
Patient education using Learning and Coping to overcome barriers to CR System-, physical-
and personal-level barriers in CR are well-described in the literature. Studies show that
13% to 20% of eligible patients are not referred to CR, and 19% to 45% do not attend CR.
Also, long wait time to CR after referral entail low attendance. Health-related factors
such as anxiety, depression, pain, or other illnesses are reported curtail the uptake.
Like exercise-limiting comorbidities predict fewer sessions. Older adults, women, people
who belong to ethnic minority groups, are young, have low socioeconomic status, live
alone and receive limited social support are low attenders. Other studies show that
family obligations and the distance from home to the programme setting entail low
attendance. Few studies found that self-payment is a barrier to attend CR. This may not
be an issue in Denmark as the Danish healthcare system provides tax-funded healthcare to
the country's 5.7 million residents, including free access to hospital care, general
practitioners and primary healthcare services including CR. Patients should be encouraged
to attend patient education as literature reviews show that educational interventions
with cardiac care increase patients' knowledge and facilitate behavior change.
Furthermore, education interventions increase physical activity and lead to healthier
dietary habits, smoking cessation and a higher quality of life.
It is unique that Central Denmark Region has assigned phase II CR as a local healthcare
services. Thus, it is crucial to know more about performance in local healthcare services
CR and whether all patients receive high-quality evidence-based services regardless of
where they live. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the association between
performance in different health pedagogical strategies and outcomes. This association is
important to investigate when dramatic organisational changes in settings of evidence
based interventions is implemented, as well as in relation to helping people with heart
disease return to an active and satisfying everyday life. This study is unique and may
inform and affect the way CR is organised and performed on a national and an
international level to improve quality of care.