Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (TES) at Slow Oscillation (SO) Frequency During NREM Sleep

Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy men and non-pregnant, non-lactating women 18 to 39 years of age (inclusive)
• Must demonstrate adequate comprehension of the protocol, by achieving a score of atleast 80% correct on a short multiple-choice quiz. Individuals who fail to achieve apassing score on the initial quiz will be given one opportunity to retest after areview of protocol information. Individuals who fail the comprehension assessment forthe second time will be disqualified.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Self-reported habitual nightly sleep amounts outside the target range of 6 - 9 hours (i.e., less than 6 hours per night or more than 9 hours per night, on average) (Post-consent Checklist)
• Self-reported nighttime lights-out times earlier than 2100 hours on average duringweeknights (Sunday through Thursday) or later than 2300. (Post-consent Checklist)
• Self-reported morning wake-up times later than 0800 on average during weekdays (Mondaythrough Friday) (Post-consent Checklist)
• Self-reported habitual napping (> 1 time a week in conjunction with normal sleephabits) (Post-consent Checklist)
• A rating of 6 or below on question 2 or 3 of the Nonrestorative Sleep Scale,indicating the subject experiences relatively non-refreshing sleep
• An average time to sleep onset of greater than 20 minutes as indicated on thePost-consent Checklist
• Self-reported caffeine use in excess of 400 mg (e.g., approximately 8 caffeinatedsodas or 4 12-oz cups of coffee) per day on average (Post-consent Checklist; documentprovides exclusionary limits for various caffeinated products).
• Score of lower than 31 or higher than 69 on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ form)
• Score of 14 or above on the Beck Inventory Form (BDI form)
• Score of 41 or above on the Self-Evaluation Questionnaire
• History of cardiovascular disease (to include but not limited to arrhythmias, valvularheart disease, congestive heart failure, history of sudden cardiac death or myocardialinfarction) (Medical History and Examination Form)
• History of neurologic disorder (to include, but not limited to epilepsy or anotherseizure disorder, amnesia for any reason, hydrocephalus, MS, narcolepsy or other sleepdisorders) (Medical History and Examination form; sleep items on Post-ConsentChecklist)
• Underlying pulmonary disease requiring daily inhaler use (Medical History andExamination form)
• Kidney disease or kidney abnormalities (Medical History and Examination form,laboratory results)
• Liver disease or liver abnormalities (Medical History and Examination form, laboratoryresults)
• Self-reported history of psychiatric disorder requiring hospitalization or psychiatricproduct within the last 2 years or for more than 3 months at one time. (MedicalHistory and Examination form)
• Self-reported or suspected regular nicotine use or addiction, defined as more than 1cigarette or equivalent per week, within the last 1 year (Medical History andExamination form)
• Self-reported or suspected heavy alcohol use; minimum limit to define heavy alcoholuse is 14 drinks per week or as determined by the examining appropriately licensedstudy investigator (Medical History and Examination form)
• Self-reported or suspected use of products or drugs that cannot be safely discontinuedduring in-laboratory phases, to be determined on a case-by-case basis by the examiningappropriately licensed study investigator (Medical History and Examination form)
• Self-reported or suspected current use of other illicit drugs, to include but notlimited to benzodiazepines, amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana (Medical History andExamination form)
• Positive urine pregnancy result
• Resting blood pressure above 140/90 or resting pulse > 110 (Medical History andExamination form). Note that if a repeat measurement is within range then thevolunteer will not be excluded.
• BMI ≥ 30 (Obese Class I or greater) (Medical History and Examination form)
• Clinically significant values (as determined by the appropriately licensed studyinvestigator reviewing the study) for any hematology or chemistry parameter. Theappropriately licensed study investigator reviewing the laboratory values may opt torepeat any clinically significant tests and include volunteers whose repeat testvalues are not clinically significant.
• Positive urine nicotine/cotinine result during screening visit (NicCheck™ I test stripresults)
• Positive urine drug result during screening visit
• Any use of sleep aids during the 1 year prior to screening
• Inability to read and sign consent
• Lack of access to a quiet, dark environment conducive to sleep from 2100 until 0700during a seven night period at the beginning of the study
• Participation in any ongoing clinical trials.
• The preceding exclusionary criteria are known to alter sleep (e.g., epilepsy; someneurological disorders), substantially increase inter-subject variability, and/or thedisease or condition puts the subject outside the range of what is considered healthy.The PI also maintains the prerogative to disqualify a volunteer if it is deemed thatthe volunteer's participation would be unsafe for the volunteer or staff or would bedisruptive to study conduct or their inclusion could compromise data integrity.
• Volunteers meeting the Beck cut-off (a score of at least 14) and who carry healthinsurance will be instructed to call their health insurance Mental Health / SubstanceAbuse referral number.
• Volunteers meeting the first cut-off (score of at least 14 who are not insured will beprovided with a community mental health referral contact specific to their county ofresidence.
• The review of the medical history with the volunteer and the physical examinationitself will be performed by an appropriately licensed study investigator. Results ofscreening urine and blood tests will be reviewed by an appropriately licensed studyinvestigator. The Post-consent Checklist will be administered by a trained researchtechnician and reviewed by the study principal investigator or an appropriatelylicensed study investigator. If an appropriately licensed study investigator deems itmedically advisable, the investigator will share abnormal results with the volunteer,who will be referred to his/her personal physician for follow-up.
• A volunteer who has been cleared for participation may participate in a session if thefirst day of the session is within 90 days of the screening date. If the first day ofthe study session is 91 or more days since the volunteer has been screened, thevolunteer must re-screen to ensure there has not been a change in eligibility status.