BACKGROUND:
When a baby is delivered by a surgical procedure (a caesarean section) the women will usually
have a spinal anaesthetic. With a spinal anaesthetic local anaesthetic is injected into the
spinal fluid to make the woman numb from her chest to her feet allowing her to be comfortable
but awake during the birth. One of the common side effects of a spinal anaesthetic is that
the woman's blood pressure may fall making her feel unwell and (rarely) causing stress to the
unborn baby.
During a caesarean section the blood pressure is usually measured every few minutes using a
cuff around the upper arm. However, the blood pressure may fall too quickly to be detected in
a timely fashion by this intermittent means. One of the other monitors used in all cases is
called a pulse oximeter. When this is attached to the patient's finger it detects the pulse
rate and how much oxygen there is in the blood. The pulse oximeter also produces an image of
the pulse wave in the finger. There is one pulse wave for every time the heart beats and it
has two components. The main part of the wave (the systolic wave) is caused by the heart beat
and the second part of the wave (the dicrotic wave) is a result of some of the energy from
the heart beat bouncing back from blood vessels.
In a previous study we used a digital camera to take images of the pulse oximeter monitor
screen so that we could record changes in the shape of the pulse wave. We found that as
patients' blood pressure fell the dicrotic wave moved further away from the systolic wave. We
now intend to down load the electronic data that make up the pulse oximeter waveform, so that
we can analyse the changes that occur more accurately.
We believe that falling blood pressure may be detected earlier using analysis of movement of
the dicrotic wave than by our standard monitoring. This is because currently blood pressure
is measured intermittently whereas the pulse oximeter waveform is displayed continuously.
Drugs could then be given promptly to stop the blood pressure from falling so low that the
woman feels unwell or the unborn baby is affected.
AIMS:
Our aim is to observe changes in the position of the dicrotic wave during spinal anaesthesia
for caesarean section and relate these to the occurrence of low blood pressure.
METHODOLOGY:
Following ethical approval 20 women undergoing caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia
will be recruited by written informed consent. In theatre the electronic data which describe
the pulse oximeter waveform will be downloaded by means of a data logger. In parallel, we
will manually record the other perioperative data including the blood pressure. We will then
use the data to establish the best way of accurately and reproducibly identifying the
dicrotic wave when it moves in relation to the onset of low blood pressure. As this is an
observational study, the management of the case will be at the discretion of the attending
anaesthetist in discussion with the patient and will not be altered by inclusion in the
study.
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
We will establish the best way to detect movement of the dicrotic wave.
We will establish the temporal relationship between movement of the dicrotic wave and
fall in blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.
IMPLICATIONS:
Anaesthetists will be able to use movement of the dicrotic wave to anticipate and avert low
blood pressure during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section.