Mind body therapies which induce relaxation through the use of imagery and meditation,
are being increasingly sought as treatments to assist individuals cope with stress and
chronic illness. These holistic therapies have become accepted by both physicians and
patients because of the recent emerging body of evidence supporting their effectiveness
for a variety of physical and psychological conditions. In the case of holistic (or
integrative) practices used to alleviate pain, the infrequency of adverse effects makes
them particularly attractive to physicians who have become wary of the risks of
prescription narcotics.
Pain medications, though they provide immediate relief, have many noted adverse side
effects. These include respiratory depression, decreased heart rate and in extreme cases
of misuse, death. These medications are especially prone to abuse by patients, even after
their initial pain subsides. Overdosing from prescription pain killers has become a
significant cause of accidental death, and providers are seeking alternative treatments
for pain for their patients that do not carry this risk.
A significant body of research has investigated the benefits of meditation for a wide
variety of physical and psychological conditions . However, clinical evidence for the
efficacy of meditation for reducing pain is sparse, although some research suggests the
mechanisms of this possible benefit , Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) is a
mindfulness intervention which is currently used in over 500 clinical sites around the
world for patients with a wide variety of clinical problems, including pain. MBSR was
developed by Jon Kabat Zinn at the University of Massachusetts in the 1970s. It is
derived from the Oriental traditions of Zen Buddhism, yet free from its religious roots.
It is supported by over 30 years of research that substantiate its positive effects on
numerous ailments, including stress , chronic pain , anxiety and depression .
The key concept in mindfulness meditation involves learning how to observe the thoughts
that enter one's mind without the passing of judgment and by keeping the focus on
breathing or another constant. This is called "detached observation". The mechanisms at
work are unknown but are thought to be the meditation facilitating the tuning out of
distractions by learning to maintain and control attention.
The process of mindfulness meditation entails sitting in a quiet location and comfortable
position with one's eyes closed. Individuals are instructed to relax and focus on their
breathing, or another chosen object of attention, such as parts of the body in the body
scan, body movements in mindful movement, or the act of walking in walking meditation.
While the mind may wander and numerous thoughts, worries or concerns may arise, the
individual learns to non-self-critically acknowledge the shift in attention, and return
to the chosen object of attention. Over time, increased attentional control and awareness
of mental events leads to the ability to respond more positively and less reactively to
stressful events, including pain.
An early study of MBSR for chronic pain patients found that, after a 10-week training
program, participants demonstrated statistically significant reductions in pain, negative
body image, pain-related reductions in activity, anxiety, and depression, compared with a
control group5.
Whereas the benefit of MBSR for pain has been suggested by existent research, the fact
that it is an 8-week course requiring participation on a weekly basis in 2 ½ hour
classes, with daily practice at home of 30-45 minutes, may limit its accessibility to
some patients. This study seeks to identify an intervention that may be widely used by
participants with both acute and chronic pain.
Open Focus technique is a specific mindfulness-based practice developed by Les Fehmi,
PhD, of Princeton, NJ. It guides practitioners to modify their attention in ways that
have been shown to promote relaxation and pain reduction, as measured by brain wave
activity .
Additionally, recent research has reported actual physical and structural changes in the
brain with long term practice of meditation. Benefits of mindfulness meditation appear to
have a neuroplastic effect on the brain. Studies among those practicing meditation have
demonstrated a change in the mass of grey matter as well as an increase in brain
connectivity . The structural changes in the brain include an increased density of grey
matter in the hippocampus, which is a region involved in the process of learning and
memory. In addition, a decrease in density in the amygdala was noted; this region plays a
role in stress and anxiety.