Swiss Kidney Stone Cohort (SKSC)

For SKSC Patients Group: Inclusion Criteria: Only patients that meet all of the following inclusion criteria can be included in thisstudy:

• Signed Declaration of informed consent

• Male or female

• Recurrent kidney stone episodes (more than 1) or an individual kidney stone episodewith one or several of the following risk factors:

• The first manifestation at the a minimum age of 25

• Positive family history

• Non-calcium oxalate stones

• Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. gastric bypass surgery, inflammatory bowel disease,malabsorption etc.)

• Osteoporosis

• Nephrocalcinosis

• Single kidneyness

• Currently pregnant

• Gout

• Metabolic syndrome ( Diabetes Mellitus type I and II )

• Residual calculi (at least 3 months after the therapy)

• Bilateral or multiple stones

• Chronic urinary tract infection

• Chronic renal failure (eGFR lower than 60 ml/min.)

• Kidney transplant

Exclusion Criteria: Patients with at least one of the following exclusion criteria may not take part in thisstudy.

• Not signed Informed Consent form

• Age below 18 years old For SKSC Control Group Inclusion criteria:

• Signed Declaration of informed consent

• Male or female

• Kidney-stone free (screening verification by low-dose CT-scan) Exclusion criteria:

• Not signed Informed Consent form

• Age below 18 years old

• Pregnancy

• History of kidney stones

• Low-dose CT-scan positive for kidney stones during screening phase