Combined Treatment of Resistant Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation

Inclusion Criteria:

• Symptomatic drug-refractory AF (with history of failure of ≥2 class I or IIIantiarrhythmic drugs) in patients referred for catheter ablation of AF

• PAF with ≥1 monthly episodes or PersAF in patients who had already undergone ≥3electrical cardioversions. PAF was defined as episodes lasting less than 7 days withspontaneous termination. PersAF was defined as lasting more than 7 days before beingterminated pharmacologically or by electrical cardioversion.

• Office-based systolic blood pressure of ≥160 mm Hg, despite treatment with ≥3antihypertensive drugs (including 1 diuretic)

• A glomerular filtration rate ≥45 mL/min/1⋅73 m2, with modification of diet using arenal disease formula

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previous atrial fibrillation ablation

• Type 1 of diabetes mellitus

• Structural heart disease

• Secondary cause of atrial hypertension

• Severe renal artery stenosis or renal arteries abnormalities

• Previous operations on renal arteries

• Pregnancy

• Previous heart, kidney, liver, or lung transplantation

• Unwillingness of participant