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General Information

Avycaz (ceftazidime-avibactam) is a combination of a cephalosporin and a beta-lactamase inhibitor.

Avycaz in combination with metronidazole, is indicated for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) caused by the following susceptible microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia stuartii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients 18 years or older.

Avycaz is indicated for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI) including pyelonephritis caused by the following susceptible microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter koseri, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients 18 years or older.

Avycaz is indicated for use in pediatric patients 3 months and older for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) in combination with metronidazole and complicated urinary tract infections (cUTI).

Avycaz is supplied as a solution for intravenous infusion. The recommended dosage of Avycaz is 2.5 grams (2 grams ceftazidime and 0.5 grams avibactam) administered every 8 hours by intravenous (IV) infusion over 2 hours. For treatment of cIAI, metronidazole should be given concurrently.

Clinical Results

FDA Approval

The FDA approval of Avycaz was supported in part by the previous findings of the efficacy and safety of ceftazidime for the treatment of cIAI and cUTI. The contribution of avibactam to Avycaz was primarily established in vitro and in animal models of infection. Avycaz was studied in two phase II randomized, blinded, active-controlled, multicenter trials, one each in cIAI and cUTI, including pyelonephritis. These trials were not designed with any formal hypotheses for inferential testing against the active comparators.

The FDA approval of Avycaz for use in pediatric patients was based on results from two active-controlled clinical studies evaluating Avycaz in children or infants with cIAI or cUTI, as well as a single-dose pharmacokinetic study. In the cIAI study, the safety and efficacy of Avycaz (in combination with metronidazole) was compared with meropenem. In the cUTI study, Avycaz was compared with cefepime. Across the trials, 128 pediatric patients 3 months to less than 18 years of age were treated with Avycaz. In the pediatric cIAI study, the clinical cure rate at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population was 91.8% (56/61) in the Avycaz plus metronidazole group and 95.5% (21/22) in the meropenem group. Clinical cure rates for the predominant pathogens, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were 90.5% and 85.7%, respectively for patients treated with Avycaz plus metronidazole, and 92.3% and 88.9%, respectively, for patients treated with meropenem. In the pediatric cUTI study, the combined favorable clinical and microbiological response rate at TOC in the microbiological-ITT population was 72.2% (39/54) in the Avycaz group and 60.9% (14/23) in the cefepime group. The microbiologic response rate for E.coli, the most common uropathogen identified in the study, was 79.6% for patients treated with Avycaz and 59.1% for patients treated with cefepime.

Side Effects

Adverse effects associated with the use of Avycaz may include, but are not limited to, the following:

vomiting
nausea
constipation
anxiety

Mechanism of Action

The ceftazidime component of Avycaz is a cephalosporin antibacterial drug with in vitro activity against certain gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The bactericidal action of ceftazidime is mediated through binding to essential penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). The avibactam component of Avycaz is a non-betalactam beta-lactamase inhibitor that inactivates some beta-lactamases and protects ceftazidime from degradation by certain beta-lactamases. Avibactam does not decrease the activity of ceftazidime against ceftazidimesusceptible organisms.