The Changes of Masticatory / Swallowing Functions and Oropharyngeal Muscle Mass on Sonography After Comprehensive Swallowing Training and Tongue - Pressure Resistance Training in Stroke Patients With Dysphagia

After acute stroke, 25∼45% of patients show difficulties in swallowing, which is associated with a high risk of pneumonia, malnutrition, and mortality. In addition to traditional swallowing therapies for post-stroke dysphagia (PSD), the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) is used to provide tongue exercise program which improving swallowing function. In rehabilitation unit, ultrasound is a convenient tool and is more widely used in investigating oropharyngeal muscles mass and quality in PSD. Therefore, the investigators hope to assess the effects on swallowing function and oropharyngeal muscle mass on sonography after IOPI swallowing training in PSD. In this study, 60 stroke patients with or without dysphagia will be enrolled. Each patient will receive clinical assessments of swallowing and tongue functions, general and oropharyngeal muscles mass and quality by sonography, and life quality. Furthermore, the investigators'll enrolled 50 stroke patients with dysphagia and they will be randomly allocated in two groups. the investigators will provide two interventions including general swallowing therapy, and combined simple and IOPI therapies. First, the investigators will investigate the differences of swallowing and tongue functions, oropharyngeal muscles on sonography in patients with or without PSD. The effects of the swallowing therapies in masticatory and swallowing function, tongue pressure, oropharyngeal muscle mass, and life quality will be explored in PSD by using different swallowing therapies. The investigators will find out the most effective swallowing therapy from these 2 interventions for PSD. Furthermore, the investigators could explore that sonography is a clinically practical tool for assessing oropharyngeal muscles mass and quality in PSD.