Spinal Anesthesia for Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy

Patients were allocated to either intrathecal injection of bupivacaine/morphine or a sham spinal procedure. All patients were placed in a sitting position and the skin over the lumbar region of the back was disinfected with chlorhexidine and draped sterile. In the intervention group the skin was infiltrated with 5 mL of lidocaine 10 mg/mL and a sterile 27-gauge pencil-point needle (Pajunk, GA, USA) was subsequently entered into the intrathecal space at the L2-3 or L3-4 interspace. After obtaining return of cerebrospinal fluid, hyperbaric bupivacaine 5 mg/mL 1,5 mL (7,5 mg) and morphine 200 µg/mL, 0.5 mL (100 µg) was injected intrathecally. Patients in the placebo group received an identical treatment as the patients in the intervention group, except for the intrathecal injection. After the skin was infiltrated with 5 mL of lidocaine 10 mg/mL, the attending anesthesiologist pressed one finger at the skin and talked as if she was giving an intrathecal injection at the L3-4 interspace. All patients were treated by the same anesthesiologist (MA).