This study aims to determine the impact of Fonte Fausta® water on bone and muscle
metabolism in patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia, with or without sarcopenia, over
a 12-month period. The research follows ethical guidelines (Helsinki Declaration) and has
been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli."
All participants provided informed consent.
Study Design and Participants The study is a multicenter, triple-arm interventional
clinical trial conducted at the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli." Participants
include individuals diagnosed with primary osteoporosis or osteopenia, with or without
sarcopenia, based on clinical guidelines and the EWGSOP2 criteria. Osteoporosis is
diagnosed by a BMD T-score ≤ -2.5 SD or the presence of a fragility fracture, while
osteopenia is defined as a BMD T-score between -1 and -2.5 SD. Sarcopenia diagnosis is
based on low muscle strength and low muscle mass.
Exclusion criteria include secondary osteoporosis causes (e.g., chronic diseases,
endocrine disorders, long-term corticosteroid use), psychiatric conditions affecting
consent, and pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Study Groups and Randomization
Participants are divided into three primary groups:
Patients with osteoporosis/osteopenia and sarcopenia Patients with
osteoporosis/osteopenia without sarcopenia A control group with non-osteometabolic
conditions
Each group is further randomized into two subgroups:
One receiving Fonte Fausta® water One receiving natural mineral water Assessments and
Evaluations
Participants undergo evaluations at three time points:
Baseline (T0) Six months (T6) Twelve months (T12)
Key assessments include:
Laboratory Tests: Blood and urine analyses to assess biochemical markers such as ALP,
bone-specific ALP, PTH, 25(OH)D3, and CTX.
Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA): Measures body composition, including fat and muscle mass.
Physical and Nutritional Assessments: Includes questionnaires like the International
Physical Activity Questionnaire, handgrip strength measurements, and the Mini Nutritional
Assessment.
Bone Health and Fall Risk: DXA scans measure BMD, and the FRAX® algorithm estimates
fracture risk.
Pain, Performance, and Quality of Life: Evaluations include the Short Physical
Performance Battery (SPPB), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and quality of life
questionnaires (EQ-5D-3L and EQ-VAS).
This study aims to determine whether Fonte Fausta® water offers functional and metabolic
benefits for bone and muscle health, potentially improving quality of life and reducing
fracture risk in osteoporotic and osteopenic patients.