Certain bodily functions, such as wakefulness and sleep, regulation of blood pressure and
body temperature, the immune system, gene expression, and secretion of hormones--think of
cortisol, for example--follow variations that are stably repeated every 24 to 25 hours.
The biological clock that marks this cyclical rhythm is represented by neurons in the
suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Of the circadian system, three components
should be considered: (a) the input pathways that transmit signals to synchronize the
endogenous central clock with the external environment, (b) the central clock generates
rhythms, and (c) the output pathways that transmit the signal from the central clock to
other regulatory systems in the brain and body. The most powerful regulator of the input
pathways is light, which-as is well known-is captured by the five retinal photoreceptors,
including the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells [ipRGCs], which,
through the production of melanopsin, transmit the signal to the central circadian clock.
Such physiological mechanisms, which have remained unperturbed for thousands of years,
have been disrupted by the spread of artificial lighting, which, inevitably, alters the
natural synchronization of the internal clock with sunlight.
The effects that this misalignment produces are clearly visible in night workers who
frequently have to expose themselves to light at "atypical" hours. In this sense, in
fact, according to current legislation (see Art. 1, Legislative Decree No. 66 of April 8,
2003, implementing Directives 93/104/EC and 2000/34/EC, concerning certain aspects of the
organization of working time), a night worker is defined as anyone who works for a period
of at least seven consecutive hours including the interval between midnight and 5 a.m. It
follows with palpable evidence that there is an increased risk that, under night work
conditions, the alteration of the sleep-wake rhythm may take on a chronic character. In
this regard, scientific evidence about the effects of night work on short-term health is
well established: such as insomnia, excessive sleepiness, difficulty in concentration or
lack of energy. While there is also scientific evidence that some repercussions may also
occur in the long term. This is, in that case, the moderately high risk of developing
cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, depression, and, not least, cancer. Indeed, in
2007, in light of scientific evidence, the IARC (International Agency for Research on
Cancer) listed night work as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2). Breast cancer
generally represents the second most frequent neoplastic disease in women. The incidence
of new cases worldwide in 2017 was estimated to be 1.9 million, higher in industrialized
countries. From a pathogenetic point of view, the association between night shift work
and breast cancer is highly plausible.