Understanding the Health Effect of a Bioactive Peptide From Egg: A Pilot Study

Inclusion Criteria:

Healthy control group:

• Men and women aged between 18 and 70 years living in Edmonton (or Edmontonarea/driving distance).

• Normal weight (BMI below 25 kg/m2 or Asian population below 23 kg/m2 )

• Waist circumference below the following ethnic specific cut offs: Canada / USA: <102cm men and <88 cm women; Europids, Middle-Eastern, Sub-Saharan African, andMediterranean: <94 cm men and <80 cm women; Asians, Japanese, South and CentralAmericans: <90 cm men and <80 cm women

• Fasting glucose <5.6 mmol/L

• HbA1c <5.6 %

• Blood pressure <130/85 mmHg

• Triglycerides <1.7 mmol/L

• HDL-Cholesterol >1.03 mmol/L men and >1.29 mmol/L women

• Body weight stable (within 3% fluctuation) for at least 6 months prior to the study

• Individuals who have never smoke, have smoke less than 100 cigarettes in their lifeor who are long term quitter (quit smoking a year or more ago)

Individuals at risk of diabetes/having type 2 diabetes:

• Men and women aged between 18 and 70 years living in Edmonton (or Edmontonarea/driving distance).

• Overweight or obesity (BMI above 25 kg/m2 or Asian population above 23 kg/m2)

• Waist circumference at or above the following ethnic specific cut offs: Canada /USA: ≥ 102 cm men and ≥ 88 cm women; Europids, Middle-Eastern, Sub-Saharan African,and Mediterranean: ≥ 94 cm men and ≥ 80 cm women; Asians, Japanese, South andCentral Americans: ≥ 90 cm men and ≥ 80 cm women

• Fasting glucose ≥ 6.0 mmol/L

• HbA1c ≥ 6.0 %

• Body weight stable (within 3% fluctuation) for at least 6 months prior to the study

• Individuals who have never smoke, have smoke less than 100 cigarettes in their lifeor who are long term quitter (quit smoking a year or more ago)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Individuals with a previous history of CVD, renal disorder, monogenic dyslipidemia,with endocrine disorders other than T2D

• Individuals taking chronic anti-inflammatory drugs (including aspirin,antihistamines, and omega-3 supplements)

• Pregnant/lactating women

• Individuals aged above 70 years

• Smokers (current smokers: daily/occasional and those who have smoked more than 100cigarettes in their life)

• Individuals with specific nutritional restrictions (e.g. vegetarianism excludingeggs from their diet, vegan or with egg allergy) will be excluded

• Individuals with poorly controlled (HbA1c >12.0%) diabetes or taking exogenousinsulin will be excluded. Other anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering medications will bedocumented.