The use of lung ultrasound (LUS) is instrumental in the evaluation of many thoracic
diseases and its ability to detect pleural-pulmonary pathologies is widely accepted.
However, the use of LUS as an indication of underlying parenchymal lung disease, when the
organ is still aerated, is a relatively new application. A-lines and B-lines are two
separate and distinct artifacts which may be seen during the examination of the
nonconsolidated lungs by ultrasound because of different underlying structures. Even
though the practical role of LUS artifacts is accepted for detecting and monitoring many
conditions, we do not fully understand their origin. The artifactual information beyond
the pleura line in LUS images of the normal and of the not critically deflated lung
represents the ultimate outcome of complex interactions of a specific acoustic wave with
a specific three-dimensional structure of the biological tissue.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex condition with a wide spectrum
of clinical presentations and pathological features unified under the spirometric
definition of airflow obstruction. The mechanisms responsible for airflow obstruction in
COPD (airway narrowing and parenchymal destruction) cannot be distinguished by standard
spirometry.
Chest computed tomography (CT) allows to depict and measure in vivo the lung pathologic
changes of COPD by quantifying parenchymal destruction, the direct sign of emphysema.
Although quantitative and qualitative studies have shown that CT can allow distinguishing
subtypes of emphysema, a widespread routine use of CT for the assessment of COPD in
clinical practice cannot be currently foreseen due to radiation exposure and limited
instrumental availability.
LUS can detect pleural-pulmonary pathologies. However, the use of LUS as an indication of
underlying parenchymal lung disease, when the organ is still aerated, as in emphysema, is
a new application.
This study is aimed at researching correlations among a pool of data deriving from
ultrasonographic and tomographic evaluations of patients with panlobular or paraseptal
emphysema, to improve the comprehension of acoustic information derived from ultrasound
evaluation.
The study will not modify the diagnostic / therapeutic process of the enrolled patients,
who will all have in common the CT evidence of panlobular or paraseptal emphysema.
Researchers will observe three defined population of patients at a single point (at the
time of enrolment). All subjects will have CT evidence of panlobular or paraseptal
emphysema. Patients will be recruited through three paths: 1) patients suffered from
COPD, in follow-up at Pulmonary Medicine Units in Rome and Naples, with HRCT evidence of
paraseptal or panlobular emphysema; 2) subjects who participate in the screening program
for lung cancer in Rome, Naples and Acquaviva delle Fonti, and 3) patients with
suspected/known lung cancer managed in all medical Units involved in this project.
All enrolled subjects will undergo LUS evaluation with both clinical and research
scanners. Patients will be assessed in supine position with the arms extended above the
head. The position is the same in which chest CT scans will be performed. LUS assessment
will be performed using commercially available linear probes.
Finally, all COPD patients and subjects who participate in the screening program for lung
cancer with CT evidence of paraseptal or panlobular emphysema will undergo oscillometry.
Tidal breathing analysis with impulse oscillometry (IOS) has proven to be an informative
and meaningful tool used in the early detection and follow up of pulmonary diseases like
COPD. IOS is almost independent of patient cooperation and can test a larger patient
range than spirometry alone including geriatric patients.