The Role of Microbiome on Biological Therapy Efficacy in axSpA and RA

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Diagnosis of axSpA (according to ASAS classification criteria) or RA (according to 2010 ACR/EULAR classification criteria);
2. Indication for bDMARD therapy, according to the Portuguese recommendations for the useof biological therapies in patients with axSpA and RA;
3. Oral corticosteroids (equivalent to prednisolone ≤ 10mg/day) and/or nonsteroidalanti-inflammatory drugs allowed at stable dose ≥4 weeks before baseline;
4. Conventional DMARDs allowed at stable dose ≥12 weeks before baseline;
5. Ability to provide informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of rheumatic disorder other than axSpA or RA;
2. History of Inflammatory Bowel Disease;
3. Previous treatment with bDMARD;
4. Current pregnancy or breastfeeding;
5. Malignancy (except for completely treated squamous or basal cell carcinoma);
6. Any uncontrolled medical condition (e.g., uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, unstableischemic heart disease);
7. History of any documented gastrointestinal disease or tract surgery leaving permanentresidua (e.g., gastrectomy, bariatric surgery, or colectomy);
8. Intraarticular injections of extra-axial joints and tendons within 28 days before orat baseline;
9. Recent (<3 months prior) use of any antibiotic therapy, current extreme diet (e.g.,parenteral nutrition or macrobiotic diet), current consumption of probiotics. Control group will be healthy participants, and the same inclusion and exclusion criteriawill be applied except for rheumatic disease diagnosis.