Development of Novel Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes

Inclusion Criteria:

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)

1. Age 12-18 years inclusive

2. Diagnosis of T1D according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria with anacute onset and presence of islet associated autoantibody by history.

3. T1D duration of ≤ 3 months from the diagnosis

Healthy Normal Volunteers (HNV)

1. Age 12-18 years inclusive

2. No personal history of diabetes according to ADA criteria

3. No history of T1D or insulin treated diabetes in first degree relatives (FDR)

Exclusion Criteria:

Acute or chronic medical conditions or medication that would contraindicate the participation in the research testing or could potentially affect metabolic and immune function including, but not limited to:

1. History of type 2 diabetes

2. Suspicion of non-type 1 diabetes (e.g. maturity onset diabetes of the young orsecondary diabetes)

3. History of thyroid dysfunction in which the participant has not been on a stabledose (at least 6 weeks prior to enrollment) of thyroid replacement medication orantithyroid drugs.

4. History of cancer within the last 5 years (skin cancers, with the exception ofmelanoma, may be acceptable).

5. History of organ transplant

6. History of HIV, active Hepatitis B or C, or Tuberculosis

7. Pregnancy, lactation or 6 months postpartum from the scheduled date of collection

8. Psychiatric disease prohibiting adherence to study protocol

9. Use of oral or injectable anti-hyperglycemic agents: metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, acarbose, GLP-1 analogs.

10. Use of any other medications known to influence glucose, fat and/or energymetabolism within the last 3 months (e.g., growth hormone therapy, glucocorticoids [steroids], prescribed medications for weight loss, etc.)

11. Presence of any condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, compromisesparticipant safety or data integrity or the participant's ability to complete studyvisits