Unintentional Weight Loss After Oesophagectomy (UWL)

Description

Oesophageal cancer accounts for 27,700 deaths per year in the European Union (1). Oesophagectomy is a key component of state of the art multi-modal (preoperative chemo[radio] therapy) treatment for these patients (2).

Patients may require additional chemo(radio)therapy and/ or a feeding jejunostomy for the initial period after surgery. Half of the patients remain cancer free five years after oesophagectomy (3), however many of them have unintentional weight loss as the patients involuntarily reduce food intake (4).

Prior to curative surgery, unintentional weight loss is a common presenting feature among patients with oesophageal cancer. Initially after surgery, reduced food intake may be compounded by the impact of the operation on the patient. This can be due to inflammation of the gut mucosa during chemo(radio)therapy. However, in contrast to many other operations of similar complexity, when patients recover from the surgical insult and are cured of cancer, restoration of normal food intake does not typically occur (5).

Unintentional weight loss of 10-30% (from starting weight following surgery) increases long term morbidity and mortality even in those in remission of cancer. Effective nutritional support reduces early postoperative associated morbidity but does not modify long-term oncologic outcome even when surgical techniques, tumour size, and malignant potential are standardized. Empirical support that it is possible for patients to increase their food intake voluntarily after oesophagectomy remains equivocal. The investigators don't understand why these patients, who are tumour free, suffer unintentional weight loss (4).

The existing putative aetiological factors do not fully explain continued unintentional weight loss. Initially after surgery gastric emptying is delayed, but after 6 months gastric emptying is rapid. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and/or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth are present in 40% of patients after oespohagectomy. A subset of patients also experiences early postprandial intestinal discomfort (dumping syndrome) after consuming refined carbohydrates. However, the severity of bacterial overgrowth, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, or dumping syndrome does not correlate with unintentional weight loss. Moreover, treatments of these do not consistently lead to weight regain. Another potential factor, the reduction of the "hunger hormone" ghrelin after oesophagectomy does not fully explain unintentional weight loss as ghrelin recovers to baseline levels after 12-24 month and therapy with ghrelin analogues has had limited success in terms of increasing long term food intake and bodyweight. Consequently, a knowledge gap exists as to which other factors involved in the gut-brain pathway are key to the profound degree of weight loss.

The investigators will conduct a series of experiments investigating the gut, eating behaviour, and food intake in 48 patients who will be recruited from the INCOGC. These patients are all eligible for treatment with curative intent involving removal of the food pipe tumor. As a comparator group, the investigators will also recruit 16 weight stable patients under surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus (a condition that can develop into cancer in a small number of people) in the Irish National Centre for Early Upper GI Neoplasia. The study visits will be time-matched and balanced for risk-factor profile, age and gender; the comparator group will confirm that, in the absence of surgery, all end-points are temporally stable. Each subject will be studied four times. Subjects will be excluded if cancer recurrence or ongoing therapy compromises the study protocol.

All patients before and after oesophagectomy have routine endoscopy (procedure to allow examination of the food pipe) as part of standard care which will allow us to easily conduct aim 1 as fresh tissue samples from the gut will be easily obtained during this routine investigation. The initial biopsy sample (pre-intervention) will be obtained during the surgical episode in theatre so that no additional endoscopies will be required. Aim 2 is conducted on a separate day as subjects will arrive in the Clinical Research Facility after an overnight fast (water allowed). Upon arrival on each test day, weight and height will be recorded and body composition will be assessed. Subjects will be given a standard 400 kcal meal and have serial blood tests 30 minutes apart. The progressive ratio task (a simple test in which an increasing number of computer mouse clicks is needed to earn a sweet) will be conducted followed by a buffet lunch and blood and stool test. In the early afternoon subjects are allowed to go home.

Biopsies, blood and stool samples will be collected. The investigators will correlate changes in gut cells, hormones and microorganisms with changes in food preferences and eating behaviour.

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