Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor In High Risk Oral Premalignant Lesions

  • STATUS
    Recruiting
  • End date
    Mar 31, 2024
  • participants needed
    240
  • sponsor
    Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia
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Updated on 27 January 2021
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Summary

This trial is designed as a prospective, multi-centre, open-label, single-arm, phase II study.

Oral Premalignant Lesions (OPL) may be considered the equilibrium phase of the immunoediting concept, i.e. a dynamic process between the tumour cells and the immune system including surveillance by the immune system or tumour progression. Thus, an imbalance in immunosuppressive microenvironment is a possible key in malignant transformation. In this regard, the activation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has a central role, witnessed by the expression of PD-L1 by multiple cell types within the microenvironment of OPL (tumour-associated macrophages, fibroblasts, lymphocytes) and by the fact that PD-L1 expression in epithelial and subepithelial cells is associated with malignant transformation. The use of checkpoint inhibitors in this setting seems to be justified by this rationale. Employing intermediate end-point markers during preventive strategies against OPL may allow the conduction of smaller trials, able to give insights for designing larger studies and to better select the population receiving benefit from the treatment. In this regard, the evaluation of phenotypic changes (reduction in size or in grade of dysplasia) may not be enough to assess the potential benefit of an intervention. Modulation of molecular markers may be more precise indicator of oral cancer risk in patients with OPL. Thus, the change in LOH at critical loci may be considered intermediate end-point biomarkers of prevention as well as predictors of cancer risk at baseline. Previous experience with anti-EGFR agents showed the feasibility of such measures in a prevention trial.

Description

OPL represent the most common oral precancerous condition, with a potential of malignant transformation varying from 1% to 47% in different studies. Among molecular markers, the most effective in predicting oral cancer risk is loss of heterozygosity (LOH), which may appear in tissues with different histological grade of dysplasia. Patients carrying OPL with LOH at 3p14 and/or 9p21 plus LOH at another locus have an expected 3-year risk of developing oral cancer of 35%. This chromosomal profile is found in about 28% of OPL. Moreover, when a patient has previously suffered from oral cavity cancer, the 3-year risk of malignant transformation for OPL with such a chromosomal profile reaches 69%. The presence of tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) at these chromosomal loci explains the potential for cancer development in the presence of such alterations.

The clinical management of small OPL is excision by a cold knife or laser. However, treatment is not effective to prevent oral cancer in patients. Lesions recur frequently and transform subsequently, and tumours develop in the same or adjacent anatomical region. For larger OPL the clinical management is limited to lifelong surveillance. To improve clinical management of OPLs, the arsenal of treatments should be expanded.

Therefore, this study is aimed at treating high-risk OPL with a short course of immunotherapy (avelumab)

Details
Condition Oral Premalignant Lesions
Treatment Avelumab
Clinical Study IdentifierNCT04504552
SponsorAzienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale degli Spedali Civili di Brescia
Last Modified on27 January 2021

Eligibility

 Yes No Not Sure

Inclusion Criteria

Signed written informed consent
Male or female > 18 years of age
ECOG Performance status (PS) 0-1
Clinical and histological evidence of OPL with high risk of malignant transformation as defined by LOH at 3p14 and/or 9p21 plus at least at one additional chromosomal site (4q, 8p,11p,13q, or 17p) or patients with a prior oral cancer history and LOH at 3p14 and/or 9p21 (LOH defined according to EPOC trial). These conditions define "LOH positivity
OPL with a histological definition of dysplasia and a minimum diameter of at least 20 mm
Be willing to provide tissue from newly obtained oral biopsies
Not receiving chronic systemic steroidal therapy or any immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior to the first treatment; absence of active autoimmune disease that required systemic treatment in the past 2 years, except the following
Intranasal, inhaled, topical steroids, or local steroid injections (e.g. intra-articular injection)
Systemic corticosteroids at physiologic doses 10 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent
Steroids as premedication for hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. CT scan premedication)
Adequate bone marrow function: neutrophils > 1.5 x 109/L, platelets > 100 x 109/L, haemoglobin > 9 g/dL
Adequate liver function: bilirubin < 2 X upper normal limit (except known medical reason not interfering with liver function, such as Gilbert disease), SGOT, SGPT, AP, GGT < 3 x ULN
Adequate renal function: calculated or analysed creatinine clearance > 60 mL/min
If of childbearing potential, willingness to use effective contraceptive method (Pearl Index < 1; e.g. oral contraceptive (pill), hormone spiral, hormone implant, transdermal patch, a combination of two barrier methods (condom and diaphragm), sterilization, sexual abstinence for the study duration and 2 months post-dosing

Exclusion Criteria

Previous immunotherapy (anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-L2, anti-CTLA-4 antibody or any other antibody or drug specifically targeting T-cell co-stimulation or immune checkpoint receptors)
Oral lesions due to lichen planus
Diagnosis of prior immunodeficiency or organ transplant requiring immunosuppressive therapy, or known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related illness
Any test for hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) indicating acute or chronic infection
Vaccination within 4 weeks of the first dose of avelumab and while on trial is prohibited except for the administration of inactivated vaccines (for example, inactivated influenza vaccines)
Clinically significant cardiovascular disease, e.g. cardiac failure of New York Heart Association classes III-IV, uncontrolled coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, uncontrolled arrhythmia, uncontrolled hypertension, or history of myocardial infarction in the last 12 months
Significant neurologic or psychiatric disorders including dementia or seizures
Active uncontrolled infection (requiring IV antibiotics) or active tuberculosis
Active disseminated intravascular coagulation
Other serious underlying medical conditions which could impair the ability of the patient to participate into the study
Having participated in another clinical trial or having received any investigational agent in the preceding 30 days before study entry
Known allergic/hypersensitivity reaction to any of the components of the treatment
Pregnancy (absence confirmed by serum/urine beta HCG) or breastfeeding
Other active malignancy within 3 years, with the exception of a history of a previous, adequately treated
basal cell carcinoma of the skin
pre-invasive carcinoma of the cervix
superficial bladder cancer
carcinoma in situ of the prostate, cervix or breast
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, surgically treated (radiotherapy treatment not allowed)
Legal incapacity or limited legal capacity
Medical, psychological or socio-geographical condition or situation which in the opinion of the investigator would not permit the patient to complete the study or sign meaningful informed consent
Active, known or suspected autoimmune disease. Patients with vitiligo, type I diabetes mellitus, residual hypothyroidism due to autoimmune condition only requiring hormone replacement, psoriasis not requiring systemic treatment, or conditions not expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger are permitted to be enrolled
Conditions requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalents) or other immunosuppressive medications within 7 days of study drug administration. Inhaled or topical steroids, steroids as premedication for hypersensitivity reactions and adrenal replacement doses > 10 mg daily prednisone equivalents are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease
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